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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">100153</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco100153</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Nanoparticles and nanomaterials as inevitable modern toxic agents. Review. Part 1. Application of nanoparticles and occupational nanotoxicology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Наночастицы и наноматериалы — неизбежные современные токсичные агенты. Обзор. Часть 1. Области применения наночастиц и промышленная нанотоксикология</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5555-1343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivlieva</surname><given-names>Alexandra L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивлиева</surname><given-names>Александра Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>биолог, младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>ivlieva@medphyslab.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-887X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6814-1720</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinicovscaia</surname><given-names>Inga</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиньковская</surname><given-names>Инга</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор химических наук</p></bio><email>zinikovskaia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-0103</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2641-3111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petriskaya</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрицкая</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><email>medphys@monikiweb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7755-308X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9130-8111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rogatkin</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рогаткин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Technic), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, доцент</p></bio><email>d.rogatkin@monikiweb.ru</email><uri>http://www.medphyslab.ru</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Объединенный институт ядерных исследований</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-05-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-06-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-02-03"><day>03</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-02-24"><day>24</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Ivlieva A.L., Zinicovscaia I., Petriskaya E.N., Rogatkin D.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Ивлиева А.Л., Зиньковская И., Петрицкая Е.Н., Рогаткин Д.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivlieva A.L., Zinicovscaia I., Petriskaya E.N., Rogatkin D.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивлиева А.Л., Зиньковская И., Петрицкая Е.Н., Рогаткин Д.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/100153">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/100153</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Almost every person in all spheres of activity is in contact with nanoparticles (NPs) worldwide. The use of NPs in medicine, everyday life, food industry, and many other areas is expanding. Therefore, in the 2010s, a new scientific direction, namely, nanosafety, was developed actively. The effects of contact with NPs on cells and tissues, including inflammation, development of oxidative stress, disruption of the DNA structure, apoptosis, and disruption of the functioning of tissues and organs, have been studied within the framework of the study of molecular and cellular toxicity. NPs with waste and emissions are carried by air, water, and soil, which then enter living organisms. The impact of NPs on ecosystems is assessed on the basis of their toxicity to the environment. NPs pose a significant danger to workers in production, where contact with NPs can be long and chronic. In occupational pathology, data are accumulated on NP-induced health problems and associated risk factors in workers in the nanotechnology industry. Given the abundance of NPs in human, expectant mothers and young children inevitably come into contact with them; therefore, studying the influence of NPs on the intrauterine and early development of offspring is an important area of research. The brain is a vulnerable place for exposure to NPs because of their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Evidence of disturbances in the structure and functions of the brain in adults and young animals is found in all areas of research on the toxicity of NPs. Methods for assessing various aspects of behavior based on various brain functions, including cognition, can provide insights into the negative consequences of contact with NPs for high nervous activity. These results are described in detail and systematically in the presented review. However, such results need further research. In a number of studies, the toxic effect of NPs remains unclear. Furthermore, whether these situations can be used for protection against the toxic effects of NPs must be investigated.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>С наночастицами (НЧ) сегодня контактирует каждый человек во всех сферах жизни и деятельности. Расширяется применение НЧ в медицине, в быту, в пищевой промышленности, во многих других областях. Начиная с 2020 года направление нанобезопасности стало очень активно развиваться. Последствия контакта с НЧ для клеток и тканей выражаются в воспалении, развитии окислительного стресса, нарушении структуры ДНК, апоптозе, нарушении функционирования тканей и органов. Наночастицы с отходами и выбросами попадают в воздух, воду, почву, а затем в живые организмы. Влияние НЧ на экосистемы оценивают в исследованиях токсичности НЧ для окружающей среды. Значимую опасность несут НЧ для работников производств, где контакт с НЧ может быть очень длительным, хроническим. В профпатологии уже накапливаются данные о вызванных наночастицами проблемах со здоровьем и о связанных факторах риска у работников наноиндустрии. Из-за обилия наночастиц в окружающей среде с ними неизбежно контактируют будущие матери и маленькие дети, поэтому изучение влияния НЧ на внутриутробное и раннее развитие потомства является важным направлением исследований. Мозг — особо уязвимое место для воздействия НЧ из-за их способности преодолевать гематоэнцефалический барьер. Свидетельства нарушений строения и функций мозга и у взрослых, и у молодых животных находят в рамках всех направлений исследования токсичности НЧ. Методы оценки разных аспектов поведения, опирающихся на различные функции мозга, когнитивные в том числе, позволили получить ясное представление о часто негативных последствиях контакта с НЧ для высшей нервной деятельности. Все эти результаты освещены в представленном обзоре. В ряде исследований токсическое воздействие НЧ не обнаруживается, причина этого не ясна. Можно ли использовать эти ситуации для защиты от токсического действия НЧ? Эти и другие вопросы обсуждаются в обзоре.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>production</kwd><kwd>brain</kwd><kwd>behavior</kwd><kwd>development</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>производство наночастиц</kwd><kwd>мозг</kwd><kwd>поведение животных</kwd><kwd>развитие мозга</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krug HF. Nanosafety Research — Are We on the Right Track? Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2014;53:12304–12319. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403367</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krug H.F. Nanosafety Research — Are We on the Right Track? // Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2014. N 53. Р. 12304–12319. 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