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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">35106</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33396/1728-0869-2020-5-31-36</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ENDOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эндоэкологические аспекты устойчивости к антибиотикам: обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Davidovich</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давидович</surname><given-names>Наталия Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры клинической биохимии, микробиологии и лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovieva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Наталия Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bashilova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Башилова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazhukova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бажукова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Northern StateMedicalUniversity</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северный государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO5 (2020)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№5 (2020)</issue-title><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-07-09"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Davidovich N.V., Solovieva N.V., Bashilova E.N., Bazhukova T.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Давидович Н.В., Соловьева Н.В., Башилова Е.Н., Бажукова Т.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Davidovich N.V., Solovieva N.V., Bashilova E.N., Bazhukova T.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Давидович Н.В., Соловьева Н.В., Башилова Е.Н., Бажукова Т.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/35106">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/35106</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of irrational use of antibacterial drugs and the rapidly growing antibiotic resistance can be viewed as an endoecological disaster and a threat to modern society. According to the forecasts of the World Health Organization and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the mortality rate due to infectious diseases by 2050 will constitute 10 million people a year and will join neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases as the leading causes of death. On the other hand, the development of antibiotic resistance is a part of the evolution of bacteria and their adaptation to new living conditions. Since the discovery of penicillinno antimicrobial drug has escaped the appearance of bacterial resistance. From the moment a new antibiotic is discovered until the first strains of microorganisms become resistant to it, 1-2 years pass, indicating a high variability and plasticity of the bacterial genetic apparatus. This literature review summarizes the evidence on the main evolutionary and pathogenetic aspects of the emergence of bacterial resistance ways to reduce the problem of antibiotic resistance. The mechanisms of action of both lethal and subinhibitory concentrations of antibacterial drugs on the bacterial population, aspects of selection of bacteria with an increased number of mutations, as well as methods for increasing the number of mutations of microorganisms due to the direct mutagenic effect of antibiotics, including oxidative damage, nucleotide pool imbalance and general reactions to stress are described. However, the most important mechanism for the evolution and adaptation of bacteria, including escape from the immune response, as well as the distribution of genes that increase virulence and resistance to antibiotics, is to obtain foreign DNA sequences from other organisms through horizontal gene transfer. Thus, the knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance can help prevent the misuse of antibiotics and become a critical step in understanding the ecology and evolution of bacteria and their symbiotic relationships with a human organism.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проблема нерационального использования антибактериальных препаратов и растущей стремительными темпами антибиоти-корезистентности является глобальной эндоэкологической катастрофой и медико-социальной угрозой современному обществу. По прогнозам Всемирной организации здравоохранения и Центра по контролю и профилактике заболеваний, смертность от инфекционных болезней к 2050 году составит около 10 млн человек в год и выйдет на одно из первых мест наравне с онкологическими и сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями. С другой стороны, развитие антибиотикорезистентности является частью эволюции бактерий, их адаптации к новым изменяющимся условиям обитания. С момента открытия А. Флемингом пенициллина в 1928 году ни один антимикробный препарат не избежал появления бактериальной резистентности. С момента открытия нового антибиотика до появления первых резистентных к нему штаммов микроорганизмов проходит 1-2 года, что говорит о высокой изменчивости и пластичности генетического аппарата бактерий. В настоящем литературном обзоре раскрываются основные эволюционные и эндоэкологические аспекты возникновения бактериальной устойчивости, необходимые для поиска рационального подхода и решения проблемы антибиотикорезистентности. Описаны механизмы действия как летальных, так и субингибирующих концентраций антибактериальных препаратов на бактериальную популяцию, аспекты селекции бактерий с повышенным числом мутаций, а также способы повышения числа мутаций микроорганизмов за счет прямого мутагенного эффекта антибиотиков, включая оксидативное повреждение, дисбаланс нуклеотидного пула и общие реакции на стресс. Однако важнейшим механизмом эволюции и адаптации бактерий, включая ускользание от иммунного ответа, а также распределение генов, повышающих вирулентность и устойчивость к антибиотикам, является получение чужеродных последовательностей ДНК из других организмов посредством горизонтального переноса генов. Таким образом, знание механизмов резистентности может помочь предотвратить нерациональное использование антибиотиков и стать важнейшим этапом в понимании экологии и эволюции бактерий и их симбиотических взаимоотношений с макроорганизмом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>endoecological aspects of antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>antibiotics</kwd><kwd>bacterial evolution</kwd><kwd>horizontal gene transfer</kwd><kwd>literature review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эндоэкологические аспекты антибиотикорезистентности</kwd><kwd>антибиотики</kwd><kwd>эволюция бактерий</kwd><kwd>горизонтальный перенос генов</kwd><kwd>литературный обзор</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ефименко Т. А. Терехова Л. П., Ефременкова О. В. Современное состояние проблемы антибиотикорезистент-ности патогенных бактерий // Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2019. № 5. 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