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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">569406</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco569406</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>НАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sample size calculation for cross-sectional studies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Расчёт объёма выборки при планировании поперечных исследований</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0027-8155</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitkin</surname><given-names>Nikita A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митькин</surname><given-names>Никита Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>n.a.mitkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1548-690X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drachev</surname><given-names>Sergei N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Драчев</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>md, cand. sci. (med.), mph, phd, associate professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., phd, доцент</p></bio><email>drachevsn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5179-5737</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krieger</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кригер</surname><given-names>Екатерина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>md, cand. sci. (med.), mph, associate professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент</p></bio><email>kate-krieger@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4982-4169</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Postoev</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Постоев</surname><given-names>Виталий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>md, cand. sci. (med.), mph, phd, associate professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., phd, доцент</p></bio><email>ispha@nsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5464-0498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grjibovski</surname><given-names>Andrej M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гржибовский</surname><given-names>Андрей Мечиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>md, mphil, phd</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>phd</p></bio><email>a.grjibovski@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северный государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-10-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>509</fpage><lpage>522</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-14"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-28"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/569406">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/569406</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The cross-sectional study design is widely prevalent in Russian medical literature. However, a significant number of these studies neglect to calculate the sample size during the planning phase, and the analysis often relies solely on basic bivariate statistics. This compromises the validity of the findings and increases the risk of drawing inaccurate conclusions.</p> <p>The scientific rigor of a study depends on a quality of planning, a clear problem statement, and precise formulation of statistical hypotheses, which are then tested using the most appropriate analytical methods. At the core of this process lies the determination of the appropriate sample size. The primary objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive, step-by-step guide for the sample size calculation process. By adhering to our guidelines, researchers can ensure that their cross-sectional studies possess sufficient statistical power to generate meaningful results. We acknowledge the significance of tailoring sample size calculations to the specific objectives and data characteristics of each study. Therefore, our approach is designed to be flexible and adaptable, accommodating the unique requirements of diverse research endeavors.</p> <p>There are several software options available for sample size calculation; however, we use the G*Power software for all the examples presented in this paper. Our guide is designed to provide practical understanding of the topic, with each step being accompanied by illustrative examples and detailed screenshots. This approach ensures that the material is not only understandable but also applicable in real-world scenarios. Furthermore, we take the extra step of interpreting every dialog box and screenshot, aiming to create a comfortable user experience with the software. We hope that this paper will serve as a valuable guide in the planning stage of a study, helping researchers to address a wider range of issues and reliably estimate the associations between selected exposures and the outcomes of interest with sufficient statistical power.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Поперечные исследования наиболее широко распространены в отечественной медицинской литературе. Однако в подавляющем их большинстве не проводится расчёт размера выборки на этапе планирования, а анализ выполняется с помощью простейших методов статистики. Это не только ограничивает возможности использования данных, но и может привести к ошибочным выводам.</p> <p>Качество научного исследования определяется грамотным планированием, чёткой постановкой задач и формулировкой статистических гипотез, которые будут проверяться наиболее подходящими для них методами. Одно из центральных мест в этом процессе занимает определение необходимого объёма выборки. В данной статье мы представляем пошаговый алгоритм расчёта объёма выборки, который может применяться для планирования поперечных исследований с различными научными задачами и типами данных. Доступным языком описывается применение самых популярных в биомедицинской литературе методов многомерного анализа данных: логистической регрессии для изучения бинарных исходов и их предикторов и линейной регрессии для оценки независимого влияния нескольких факторов на количественные исходы.</p> <p>Несмотря на наличие большого числа программ для расчёта объёма выборки, в данной публикации мы демонстрируем применение свободно распространяемой программы G*Power. Программа имеет интуитивно-понятный интерфейс, может применяться для различных статистических тестов и использоваться для расчёта величины эффекта и графического отображения результатов анализа мощности. Каждый этап сопровождается примерами и скриншотами с пошаговым разбором, что делает материал удобным для восприятия и практического применения.</p> <p>Мы надеемся, что статья станет полезным практическим руководством на этапе планирования исследований и поможет учёным решать большее число задач и оценивать влияние факторов риска на изучаемые исходы с достаточной статистической мощностью.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cross-sectional studies</kwd><kwd>sample size</kwd><kwd>regression analysis</kwd><kwd>G*Power</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>поперечное исследование</kwd><kwd>объём выборки</kwd><kwd>регрессионный анализ</kwd><kwd>G*Power</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kholmatova KK, Gorbatova MA, Kharkova OA, Grjibovski AM. Cross-sectional studies: planning, sample size, data analysis. 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