<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">611099</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco611099</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modeling and prediction of age-specific mortality rates using the Lee–Carter model</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование и прогнозирование возрастных коэффициентов смертности на основе модели Ли–Картера</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>基于 Lee-Carter 模型的特定年龄死亡率建模和预测</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3617-5908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borschuk</surname><given-names>Evgenii L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борщук</surname><given-names>Евгений Леонидович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of Public Health and Healthcare No. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой общественного здоровья и здравоохранения №1</p></bio><email>be@nm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-6675</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8443-4400</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Begun</surname><given-names>Dmitrii N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бегун</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Public Health and Healthcare No. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой сестринского дела</p></bio><email>be@nm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0096-2587</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4848-0669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bolodurina</surname><given-names>Irina P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Болодурина</surname><given-names>Ирина Павловна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>prmat@mail.osu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1525-2003</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9700-6736</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Menshikova</surname><given-names>Larisa I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меньшикова</surname><given-names>Лариса Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><email>menshikova1807@gmail.com</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3008-0308</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7548-3688</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnik</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесник</surname><given-names>Светлана Валентиновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>svkolesnik_osu@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5762-4277</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">58149835100</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7164-7107</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Duisembaeva</surname><given-names>Aislu N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дуйсембаева</surname><given-names>Айслу Нагашыбаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>k.kro1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orenburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orenburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северный государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orenburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-08-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-10-20"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-07-09"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/611099">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/611099</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold><bold>: </bold>High mortality remains one of the most significant health concerns in Russia. One of the priorities of the state policy is to reduce mortality rates among the working-age population and increase life expectancy. Predicting population mortality rates serves as a valuable tool for effectively allocating the available resources.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><bold>: </bold>To perform mathematical modeling and prediction of mortality rates of the population of the Orenburg region using the Lee–Carter model.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL</bold><bold> </bold><bold>AND</bold><bold> </bold><bold>METHODS</bold><bold>: </bold>The age- and sex-specific mortality rates and the population size of the Orenburg region for the period 1991–2020 was used as a study base. The Lee–Carter method was applied to model and predict population mortality. By deriving key parameters, a random walk model with drift was developed, and an accuracy assessment was performed.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><bold>: </bold>The Lee-Carter model has been utilized to analyze the mortality rates of the male population in the Orenburg region. Through this modeling process, an accuracy rate of 87% was achieved, providing a reliable basis for long-term prediction. Mortality forecasts have been generated up to the year 2035, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of future trends in the region.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold><bold>: </bold>The analysis of the results indicates that the pandemic's impact on population mortality is expected to be short-term. In the upcoming years, the mortality rate of the male population in the Orenburg region is projected to continue decreasing.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Проблема высокой смертности населения остаётся одной из наиболее значимых проблем здравоохранения России. Одной из приоритетных задач государственной политики является сокращение смертности трудоспособного населения и увеличение продолжительности жизни. Прогнозирование уровня смертности населения является инструментом разумного распределения разных видов ресурсов.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold>. Моделирование и прогноз показателей смертности населения Оренбургской области на основе модели Ли–Картера.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. Изучены половозрастные показатели смертности и численности всего населения Оренбургской области за 1991–2020 гг. Для моделирования и прогнозирования смертности населения применен метод Ли–Картера. На основе вычисленных параметров построена модель случайного блуждания с дрейфом и произведена оценка точности.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Для Оренбургской области моделью Ли–Картера описана смертность мужского населения. В результате моделирования смертности мужского населения Оренбургской области получена точность подгонки 87%, достаточная для оценки результатов долгосрочного прогнозирования, построены прогнозы смертности до 2035 г.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Анализ полученных результатов показал, что влияние пандемии на смертность населения носит краткосрочный характер, в ближайшие годы смертность мужского населения Оренбургской области продолжит снижаться.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。人口死亡率高问题仍然是俄罗斯最重要的公共卫生问题之一。国家政策的优先任务之一是降低劳动年龄人口的死亡率，延长预期寿命。预测人口死亡率是合理分配各类资源的工具。</p> <p>目标。 基于Lee-Carter模型的奥伦堡地区死亡率建模和预测。</p> <p>材料与方法。研究了1991-2020年奥伦堡地区的年龄和性别死亡率以及总人口。 使用Lee-Carter方法对人口死亡率进行建模和预测。 根据计算得到的参数，构建了带漂移的随机游走模型，并进行了精度评定。</p> <p>结果。对于奥伦堡地区，Lee-Carter模型描述了男性人口的死亡率。 通过对奥伦堡地区男性人口死亡率的建模，获得了87%的拟合精度，足以评估长期预测的结果，并构建了到2035年的死亡率预测。</p> <p>结论。对所得结果的分析表明，大流行病对人口死亡率的影响是短期的，在未来几年中，奥伦堡州男性人口的死亡率将继续下降。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>population</kwd><kwd>age and sex mortality rates</kwd><kwd>modeling</kwd><kwd>forecasting</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>смертность</kwd><kwd>численность населения</kwd><kwd>половозрастные коэффициенты смертности</kwd><kwd>моделирование</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>死亡率</kwd><kwd>人口</kwd><kwd>性别-年龄死亡率</kwd><kwd>建模</kwd><kwd>预测</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemlyanova EV. Attitude of population and experts to the measures for reduction of mortality in Russia (literature review). Social Aspects of Population Health. 2013;(3):3. EDN: QINGER</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Землянова Е.В. Отношение населения и экспертного сообщества к мерам по снижению смертности населения России (обзор литературы) // Социальные аспекты здоровья населения. 2013. № 3. С. 3. EDN: QINGER</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Zemlyanova EV. Attitude of population and experts to the measures for reduction of mortality in Russia (literature review). Social Aspects of Population Health. 2013;(3):3. EDN: QINGER</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolotova EV, Samorodskaya IV, Dudnikova AV. The structure of mortality and potential years life lost from respiratory diseases of the population of economically active age (15–72 years) of the Russian Federation in 2019. Vrach (The Doctor). 2021;32(11):5–10. EDN: EHMGSS doi: 10.29296/25877305-2021-11-01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Болотова Е.В., Самородская И.В., Дудникова А.В. Структура смертности и потерянных лет потенциальной жизни от болезней, ассоциированных с органами дыхания, населения экономически активного возраста (15–72 лет) Российской Федерации в 2019 г. // Врач. 2021. Т. 32, № 11. С. 5–10. EDN: EHMGSS doi: 10.29296/25877305-2021-11-01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Bolotova EV, Samorodskaya IV, Dudnikova AV. The structure of mortality and potential years life lost from respiratory diseases of the population of economically active age (15–72 years) of the Russian Federation in 2019. Vrach (The Doctor). 2021;32(11):5–10. EDN: EHMGSS doi: 10.29296/25877305-2021-11-01</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova OA, Makarova MN, Tukhtarova EH, Belenkova TV. The labour conditions as a factor of the working age population mortality. Fundamental Research. 2015;(7-1):161–165. EDN: UDXTXB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлова О.А., Макарова М.Н., Тухтарова Е.Х., Беленкова Т.В. Условия труда как фактор влияния на показатели смертности населения в трудоспособном возрасте // Фундаментальные исследования. 2015. № 7-1. С. 161–165. EDN: UDXTXB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Kozlova OA, Makarova MN, Tukhtarova EH, Belenkova TV. The labour conditions as a factor of the working age population mortality. Fundamental Research. 2015;(7-1):161–165. EDN: UDXTXB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nizamov IG, Sadykova TI. Health of economically active population as a basis of social-and-economical development of Russia and its regions. Public Health and Health Care. 2012;(4):28–33. EDN: PMSMIT</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Низамов И.Г., Садыкова Т.И. Здоровье экономически активного населения как база социально-экономического развития России и ее регионов // Общественное здоровье и здравоохранение. 2012. № 4. С. 28–33. EDN: PMSMIT</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Nizamov IG, Sadykova TI. Health of economically active population as a basis of social-and-economical development of Russia and its regions. Public Health and Health Care. 2012;(4):28–33. EDN: PMSMIT</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodionova LA, Kopnova ED. Statistical approaches to analysis and modeling of seasonality in demographic data. Demographic Review. 2019;6(2):104–141. EDN: FJVXKS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Родионова Л.А., Копнова Е.Д. Статистические подходы к анализу и моделированию сезонности в демографических данных // Демографическое обозрение. 2019. Т. 6, № 2. C. 104–141. EDN: FJVXKS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Rodionova LA, Kopnova ED. Statistical approaches to analysis and modeling of seasonality in demographic data. Demographic Review. 2019;6(2):104–141. EDN: FJVXKS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denisenko MB, Varshavskaya EYa. Working life expectancy in Russia. Higher School of Economics Economic Journal. 2017;21(4):592–622. EDN: YLBIWS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Денисенко М.Б., Варшавская Е.Я. Продолжительность трудовой жизни в России // Экономический журнал высшей школы экономики. 2017. Т. 21, № 4. С. 592–622. EDN: YLBIWS</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Denisenko MB, Varshavskaya EYa. Working life expectancy in Russia. Higher School of Economics Economic Journal. 2017;21(4):592–622. EDN: YLBIWS</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova AE, Kondrakova EV. Grounds for life expectancy projections in Russian regions up to 2025. Social Aspects of Population Health. 2008;(1):8. EDN: JVWSNB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванова А.Е., Кондракова Э.В. Обоснование прогноза продолжительности жизни населения в регионах России до 2025 г. // Социальные аспекты здоровья населения. 2008. № 1. С. 8. EDN: JVWSNB</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Ivanova AE, Kondrakova EV. Grounds for life expectancy projections in Russian regions up to 2025. Social Aspects of Population Health. 2008;(1):8. EDN: JVWSNB</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazarev AV, Kalininskaya AA, Vasilieva TP. Organizational reserves saving the population's health from diseases of the circulatory system. Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine. 2020;28(S):762–765. EDN: DGCWUU doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-s1-762-765</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазарев А.В., Калининская А.А., Васильева Т.П. Организационные резервы сбережения здоровья населения от болезней системы кровообращения // Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины. 2020. Т. 28, № S. С. 762–765. EDN: DGCWUU doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-s1-762-765</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Lazarev AV, Kalininskaya AA, Vasilieva TP. Organizational reserves saving the population's health from diseases of the circulatory system. Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine. 2020;28(S):762–765. EDN: DGCWUU doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-s1-762-765</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temeshova NV. Implementation of the concept of demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period till 2025 in 2016–2020. In: State and municipal administration in the Kamchatka territory: problems and solutions. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky; 2018. P. 70–78. EDN: YTTQTJ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Темешова Н.В. Реализация в 2016–2020 годах концепции демографической политики Российской Федерации на период до 2025 года. В кн.: Государственное и муниципальное управление в Камчатском крае: проблемы и пути решения. Петропавловск-Камчатский, 2018. C. 70–78. EDN: YTTQTJ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Temeshova NV. Implementation of the concept of demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period till 2025 in 2016–2020. In: State and municipal administration in the Kamchatka territory: problems and solutions. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky; 2018. P. 70–78. EDN: YTTQTJ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soyan ShCh. Life expectancy as an indicator of the quality of life of the population. Natural Resources, Environment and Society. 2021;(3):42–46. EDN: KXIIUS doi: 10.24412/2658-4441-2021-3-42-46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соян Ш.Ч. Продолжительность жизни как индикатор качества жизни населения // Природные ресурсы, среда и общество. 2021. № 3. С. 42–46. EDN: KXIIUS doi: 10.24412/2658-4441-2021-3-42-46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Soyan ShCh. Life expectancy as an indicator of the quality of life of the population. Natural Resources, Environment and Society. 2021;(3):42–46. EDN: KXIIUS doi: 10.24412/2658-4441-2021-3-42-46</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lakman IA, Askarov RA, Prudnikov VB, et al. Predicting mortality by causes in the Republic of Bashkortostan using the Lee–Carter model. Problemy Prognozirovaniya. 2021;(5):124–138. EDN: ISEHRS doi: 10.47711/0868-6351-188-124-138</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лакман И.А., Аскаров Р.А., Прудников В.Б., и др. Прогнозирование смертности по причинам в Республике Башкортостан на основе модели Ли–Картера // Проблемы прогнозирования. 2021. № 5. C. 124–138. EDN: ISEHRS doi: 10.47711/0868-6351-188-124-138</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Lakman IA, Askarov RA, Prudnikov VB, et al. Predicting mortality by causes in the Republic of Bashkortostan using the Lee–Carter model. Problemy Prognozirovaniya. 2021;(5):124–138. EDN: ISEHRS doi: 10.47711/0868-6351-188-124-138</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Booth H. Demographic forecasting: 1980 to 2005 in review. International Journal of Forecasting, 2006;22(3):547–581. doi: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.04.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Booth H. Demographic forecasting: 1980 to 2005 in review // International Journal of Forecasting. 2006. Vol. 22, N 3. P. 547–581. doi: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.04.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Booth H. Demographic forecasting: 1980 to 2005 in review. International Journal of Forecasting, 2006;22(3):547–581. doi: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.04.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cancho-Candela R, Llano JMA, Ardura-Fernández J. Decline and loss of birth seasonality in Spain: analysis of 33,421,731 births over 60 years. Journal of Epidemiology &amp; Community Health. 2007;61(8):713–718. doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.050211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cancho-Candela R., Llano J.M.A., Ardura-Fernández J. Decline and loss of birth seasonality in Spain: analysis of 33 421 731 births over 60 years // Journal of Epidemiology &amp; Community Health. 2007. Vol. 61, N 8. P. 713–718. doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.050211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Cancho-Candela R, Llano JMA, Ardura-Fernández J. Decline and loss of birth seasonality in Spain: analysis of 33,421,731 births over 60 years. Journal of Epidemiology &amp; Community Health. 2007;61(8):713–718. doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.050211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee RD, Carter LR. Modeling and forecasting U.S. mortality. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1992;87(419):659–671. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1992.10475265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee R.D., Carter L.R. Modeling and forecasting U.S. mortality // Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1992. Vol. 87, N 419. P. 659–671. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1992.10475265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Lee RD, Carter LR. Modeling and forecasting U.S. mortality. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1992;87(419):659–671. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1992.10475265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haberman S, Russolillo M. Lee–Carter mortality forecasting: application to the Italian population. 2005. Actuarial Research Paper No. 167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haberman S., Russolillo M. Lee–Carter mortality forecasting: application to the Italian population. 2005. Actuarial Research Paper No. 167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Haberman S, Russolillo M. Lee–Carter mortality forecasting: application to the Italian population. 2005. Actuarial Research Paper No. 167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khubaev G. Regression models for forecasting life period of population of administrative-territorial education: construction and evaluation of quality. Bulletin of Science and Practice. 2018;4(9):206–217. EDN: XZBZZR doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1418761</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хубаев Г.Н. Регрессионные модели для прогнозирования продолжительности жизни населения административно-территориальных образований: построение и оценка качества // Бюллетень науки и практики. 2018. Т. 4, № 9. С. 206–217. EDN: XZBZZR doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1418761</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Khubaev G. Regression models for forecasting life period of population of administrative-territorial education: construction and evaluation of quality. Bulletin of Science and Practice. 2018;4(9):206–217. EDN: XZBZZR doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1418761</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Supraniuk SB, Toprak S. Forecast of mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of working-age residents of the region. In: Current Issues of Scientific Knowledge. Kurgan; 2020, P. 255–261. EDN: DHZBVD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Супранюк С.Б., Топрак С. Прогноз смертности от сердечно-сосудистых, цереброваскулярных заболеваний жителей трудоспособного возраста региона. В кн.: Актуальные вопросы научного знания. Курган, 2020. C. 255–261. EDN: DHZBVD</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Supraniuk SB, Toprak S. Forecast of mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases of working-age residents of the region. In: Current Issues of Scientific Knowledge. Kurgan; 2020, P. 255–261. EDN: DHZBVD</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edeleva AN, Starodubov VI, Fedotkin MA, et al. Mathematical modeling in performance management of medical organizations providing inpatient care to the elderly. Social Aspects of Population Health. 2018;(2):2. EDN: XUFBWH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эделева А.Н., Стародубов В.И., Федоткин М.А., и др. Математическое моделирование в управлении эффективностью работы медицинских организаций, оказывающих помощь лицам пожилого возраста в стационарных условиях // Социальные аспекты здоровья населения. 2018. № 2. С. 2. EDN: XUFBWH</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Edeleva AN, Starodubov VI, Fedotkin MA, et al. Mathematical modeling in performance management of medical organizations providing inpatient care to the elderly. Social Aspects of Population Health. 2018;(2):2. EDN: XUFBWH</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buleshov MA, Alipbekova SN, Tuktibayeva SA. Modern medical and social aspects of morbidity and mortality rates in the working age population. Bulletin of the Kazakh National Medical University. 2021;(1):285–288. EDN: TJDVBJ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buleshov M.A., Alipbekova S.N., Tuktibayeva S.A. Modern medical and social aspects of morbidity and mortality rates in the working age population // Вестник Казахского национального медицинского университета. 2021. № 1. С. 285–288. EDN: TJDVBJ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Buleshov MA, Alipbekova SN, Tuktibayeva SA. Modern medical and social aspects of morbidity and mortality rates in the working age population. Bulletin of the Kazakh National Medical University. 2021;(1):285–288. EDN: TJDVBJ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva NV, Kiryanov DA, Kamaltdinov MR, et al. Health risks analysis and complex procedure for estimating the effectiveness of targeted activities performed within regional public healthcare systems and aimed at reducing mortality among the population caused by cardiovascular diseases and oncological diseases. Health Care of the Russian Federation. 2021;65(4):302–309. EDN: DVUUDG doi: 10.47470/0044-197X-2021-65-4-302-309</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Кирьянов Д.А., Камалтдинов М.Р., и др. Анализ рисков потерь здоровья и комплексная оценка эффективности целевых мер территориальных систем здравоохранения по снижению смертности населения от сердечно-сосудистых и онкологических заболеваний // Здравоохранение Российской Федерации. 2021. Т. 65, № 4. C. 302–309. EDN: DVUUDG doi: 10.47470/0044-197X-2021-65-4-302-309</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Zaitseva NV, Kiryanov DA, Kamaltdinov MR, et al. Health risks analysis and complex procedure for estimating the effectiveness of targeted activities performed within regional public healthcare systems and aimed at reducing mortality among the population caused by cardiovascular diseases and oncological diseases. Health Care of the Russian Federation. 2021;65(4):302–309. EDN: DVUUDG doi: 10.47470/0044-197X-2021-65-4-302-309</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cerda-Hern'andez J, Sikov A. Lee-Carter method for forecasting mortality for Peruvian Population. 2018. Papers 1811.09622, arXiv.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cerda-Hern'andez J., Sikov A. Lee–Carter method for forecasting mortality for Peruvian Population. 2018. Papers 1811.09622, arXiv.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Cerda-Hern'andez J, Sikov A. Lee-Carter method for forecasting mortality for Peruvian Population. 2018. Papers 1811.09622, arXiv.org.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belliard M, Williams I. Proyección estocástica de la mortalidad. Una aplicación de Lee-Carter en la Argentina. Revista Latinoamericana de Población. 2013;7(13):129–148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belliard M., Williams I. Proyección estocástica de la mortalidad. Una aplicación de Lee–Carter en la Argentina // Revista Latinoamericana de Población. 2013. Vol. 7, N 13. P. 129–148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Belliard M, Williams I. Proyección estocástica de la mortalidad. Una aplicación de Lee-Carter en la Argentina. Revista Latinoamericana de Población. 2013;7(13):129–148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
