Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)Экология человека1728-08692949-1444Eco-Vector62415410.17816/humeco624154ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLESОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯResearch ArticleAssessment of health risks posed by heavy metal contamination of wild mushrooms and berriesОценка риска развития общетоксических эффектов для здоровья населения, связанного с загрязнением дикорастущих грибов и ягод тяжёлыми металлами重金属污染野生蘑菇和浆果对公众健康造成一般毒性影响的风险评估https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1512-98388759-1012StepovaiaDaria A.СтеповаяДарья Алексеевна
Russian Federation
stepovaia.d.a@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8936-73247358-1674UnguryanuTatiana N.УнгурянуТатьяна Николаевна
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor

доктор медицинских наук, доцент

unguryanu_tn@mail.ruNorthern State Medical UniversityСеверный государственный медицинский университет270720242308202431177880212202312072024Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2024, Эко-ВекторCopyright ©; 2024,2024Eco-VectorЭко-Векторhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/624154

BACKGROUND: One of the primary objectives in ensuring food security for the population is to reduce the mitigate the risk of chemical contamination in food. Wild mushrooms and berries have the potential to accumulate heavy metals from the environment, posing a threat to human health if consumed.

AIM: To assess the risk of developing general toxic effects associated with the consumption of wild mushrooms and berries on health of the adults living in the Arkhangelsk region.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The amount and frequency of mushroom and berry consumption by the adult population of the Arkhangelsk region was assessed by a survey (n=445). Intake of heavy metals contaminating mushrooms and berries was calculated using four scenarios. Hazard Quotients (HQ) were used to characterize the risk of developing overall toxic effects due to exposure to mercury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium. Hazard Indexes (HI) for substances with unidirectional effects were employed to assess the risk of non-cancerous effects on critical organs and systems. Quantitative data were presented as medians (Me) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and the 90th percentile (P90).

RESULTS: In total, 82% and 70% of respondents were engaged in collection of mushrooms and wild berries, respectively. On average, they reported consuming 180 grams of fresh or frozen berries, 133 grams of berries with juice, and 50 grams of mushrooms in soup or boiled/fried form per week. The Hazard Quotients (HQ) for all heavy metals did not exceed 1.0. The Hazard Index (HI) calculated for the average consumption of mushrooms and berries, as well as the average heavy metal contamination of wild plants was below 1.0.

However, at high levels of mushroom (P90 — 417 g/week) and berry (P90 — 900 g/week) consumption, along with high levels of heavy metal contamination, elevated risk of developing general toxic effects on the endocrine- (HI=2.27), cardiovascular- (HI=2.0), digestive- (HI=2.0), nervous- and immune systems (HI =1.81 for both) and kidneys (HI=1.25) were detected. Forest mushrooms and wild berries can be consumed without restriction at an average level of their contamination. However, in cases of heavy metal contamination of mushrooms and berries at the P90 level or above, it is not recommended to exceed daily consumption of 400 grams of forest mushrooms and 650 grams of wild berries.

CONCLUSION: Consuming high amounts of wild mushrooms and berries at the upper limit of exposure to heavy metals, may lead to an elevated risk of developing toxic effects on endocrine, nervous, immune, cardiovascular, and digestive systems.

Обоснование. Снижение угрозы формирования недопустимых рисков, обусловленных химической контаминацией пищевой продукции, является одной из главных задач обеспечения продовольственной безопасности населения. Дикорастущие грибы и ягоды накапливают тяжёлые металлы из окружающей среды, что может повлиять на здоровье человека при их употреблении.

Цель. Оценить риск развития общетоксических эффектов для здоровья взрослого населения Архангельской области, связанный с употреблением дикорастущих грибов и ягод.

Материал и методы. Количество и частота употребления грибов и ягод взрослым населением Архангельской области изучены с помощью анкетирования (n=445). Дозы поступления тяжёлых металлов, загрязняющих грибы и ягоды, рассчитаны для четырёх сценариев. Характеристика риска развития общетоксических эффектов при воздействии ртути, мышьяка, свинца и кадмия выполнена с помощью коэффициентов опасности (HQ). Для оценки риска развития неканцерогенных эффектов со стороны критических органов и систем использованы индексы опасности для веществ однонаправленного действия (HI). Количественные данные представлены в виде медианы (Ме), 95% доверительного интервала для медианы (95% ДИ), 90-го процентиля (P90).

Результаты. Большинство респондентов собирают грибы (82%) и ягоды (70%) на территории Архангельской области самостоятельно. В среднем за неделю они употребляют 180 г свежих или замороженных ягод, 133 г ягод с морсом (соком, компотом), по 50 г грибов с супом или отварных/жареных грибов. Значения HQ для всех тяжёлых металлов не превышали 1,0; HI, рассчитанные для среднего уровня потребления грибов и ягод и среднего уровня загрязнения дикоросов тяжёлыми металлами, не превышали 1,0. При высоком уровне употребления грибов (P90 — 417 г/нед.) и ягод (P90 — 900 г/нед.) и высоком уровне их загрязнения тяжёлыми металлами формируется повышенный риск развития общетоксических эффектов со стороны эндокринной системы (HI=2,27), органов кровообращения (HI=2,0) и пищеварения (HI=2,0), нервной и иммунной систем (HI по 1,81), а также почек (HI=1,25). Установлено, что при среднем уровне загрязнения лесные грибы и ягоды можно употреблять без ограничений. При высоком уровне загрязнения грибов и ягод тяжёлыми металлами на уровне P90 не рекомендуется употреблять более чем 400 г лесных грибов и 650 г лесных ягод в день.

Заключение. Установлен повышенный риск развития общетоксических эффектов для эндокринной, нервной, иммунной систем, органов кровообращения и пищеварения при высоком употреблении дикорастущих грибов и ягод и верхней границе экспозиции тяжёлыми металлами.

论证。减少食品化学污染造成的不可接受的风险威胁是确保居民食品安全的主要目标之一。野生蘑菇和浆果会从环境中积累重金属，食用后会影响人体健康。

目的。评估食用野生蘑菇和浆果对阿尔汉格尔斯克州成年人健康造成一般毒性影响的风险。

材料与方法。通过问卷调查（n=445）研究了阿尔汉格尔斯克州成年人食用蘑菇和浆果的数量和频率。污染蘑菇和浆果的重金属摄入量是按照四种情况进行计算。使用危险商数 (HQ) 对暴露于汞、砷、铅和镉的情况下产生一般毒性效应的风险进行了定性。为评估对关键器官和系统的非致癌影响风险，采用了单向物质危害指数（HI）。定量数据以中位数（Me）、中位数的 95% 置信区间（95% CI）、第 90 百分位数（P90）表示。

结果。大多数受访者自己在阿尔汉格尔斯克州境内采集蘑菇（82%）和浆果（70%）。他们平均每周食用 180 克新鲜或冷冻浆果、133 克浆果果酱（果汁、果酱）、50 克蘑菇汤或煮蘑菇/炒蘑菇。所有重金属的 HQ 值均不超过 1.0。根据蘑菇和浆果的平均食用量以及野生植物重金属污染的平均水平计算出的 HI 值不超过 1.0。如果食用大量蘑菇（P90 - 417 克/周）和浆果（P90 - 900 克/周），且其重金属污染水平较高，则会增加内分泌系统（HI=2.27）、循环系统（HI=2.0）和消化系统（HI=2.0）、神经和免疫系统（HI 为 1.81）以及肾脏（HI=1.25）产生一般毒性影响的风险。研究发现，在平均污染水平下，可以不受限制地食用森林蘑菇和浆果。如果蘑菇和浆果的重金属污染程度较高（P90），则不建议每天食用超过 400 克的森林蘑菇和 650 克的森林浆果。

结论。大量食用野生蘑菇和浆果以及重金属暴露上限会增加对内分泌、神经、免疫系统、循环和消化器官产生一般毒性影响的风险。

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