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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">630114</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco630114</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Adaptive responses of heart rate regulation during functional tests with breath holding</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Адаптивные реакции регуляции сердечного ритма на функциональные пробы с задержкой дыхания</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>心率调节对屏气功能测试的适应性反应</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-5950</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6606-6628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deryagina</surname><given-names>Larisa E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дерягина</surname><given-names>Лариса Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Deryagina</surname><given-names>Larisa E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>lderyagina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6023-7523</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2756-9179</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulatetsky</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булатецкий</surname><given-names>Сергей Владиславович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bulatetsky</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Bulatetsky</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Sergey V. Bulatetsky</p></bio><email>dr_bsv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V.Y. Kikot</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский университет Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации им. В.Я. Кикотя</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V.Y. Kikot</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Рязанский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ryazan State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>147</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-08"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-07-15"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2024,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/630114">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/630114</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Synchronization of biorhythms in living organisms is of particular interest to researchers from the standpoint of adaptation theory.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To study the characteristics of the response of regulatory influences on heart rhythm during tests with voluntary breath holding during inhalation and exhalation.</p> <p><bold>MATERIAL AND METHODS:</bold> The study sample included 21 randomly selected students (9 males, 12 females) aged 20.64±1.14 years with body weight 67.19±12.98 kg, height 172.29±7.63 cm. All subjects were divided into three groups (I, II, III) according to the classification by N.I. Shlyk (2009), which is based on the predominance of central or autonomic circuits of heart rhythm regulation. A fivefold sequential ECG recording was conducted using the hardware-software complex “Varicard 3.0” with the subject seated after a five-minute rest: 1 — baseline state; 2 — voluntary breath holding during inhalation; 3 — resting state; 4 — voluntary breath holding during exhalation; 5 — resting state. Using the “Varicard 3.0” system, a mathematical analysis of heart rhythm was performed, taking into account statistical parameters of heart rhythm and indices of spectral frequency analysis.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:<italic> </italic></bold>During the period of breath holding, heart rate variability decreased, while at rest it increased in all groups. In group I, after a breath-hold test during the rest period, eutonia was observed according to spectral analysis (HF=LF). Statistical analysis in this group demonstrated an increase in the contribution of the parasympathetic component to heart rate variability (RMSSD, pNN50, SDNN, CV), signifying the prerequisites for increased heart rate variability. In group II, after breath-holding tests, a slight decrease in sympathetic activity was observed. A tense pattern of autonomic regulation was observed during the exhalation breath-hold test, which may indicate a reduced functional state of the regulatory systems. Group III was characterized by a sharp increase in sympathetic activation in the test with breath holding during inhalation, followed by a soft correction during breath holding during exhalation, which can be regarded as an adequate response of the body to the load. At rest, after the test, the regulation pattern returned to the original one with a moderate predominance of parasympathetic activity and, accordingly, a more favorable level of heart rate variability for the body.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Adaptive reactions of the heart rate variability are manifested by an increase in sympathetic activation, which, subsequently, during normal breathing, is replaced by a compensatory activation of the parasympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system. Although reactions are unidirectional, the severity can vary across the groups.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Синхронизация биоритмов в живых организмах вызывает особый интерес исследователей с позиций теории адаптации.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold>. Выявление особенностей реагирования регуляторных влияний на ритм сердца при пробах с произвольной задержкой дыхания на вдохе и на выдохе.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. В исследование методом случайного выбора включили 21 студента в возрасте 20,64±1,14 года, массой тела 67,19±12,98 кг, ростом 172,29±7,63 см, из них 9 юношей и 12 девушек. Все исследуемые были поделены на 3 группы (I, II, III) по классификации Н.И. Шлык (2009), основанной на преобладании центрального или автономного контуров регуляции сердечного ритма. Проводили пятикратную последовательную регистрацию ЭКГ аппаратнопрограммным комплексом «Варикард 3.0» в положении испытуемого сидя после пятиминутного отдыха: 1 — исходное состояние; 2 — произвольная задержка дыхания на вдохе; 3 — состояние покоя; 4 — произвольная задержка дыхания на выдохе; 5 — состояние покоя. С использованием аппаратно-программного комплекса «Варикард 3.0» провели математический анализ ритма сердца, в котором учитывали статистические параметры ритма сердца, показатели спектрального частотного анализа.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. При анализе данных выявили, что в период задержки дыхания вариабельность ритма сердца снижалась, в состоянии покоя — повышалась во всех группах. При этом в группе I после пробы с задержкой дыхания в период покоя наблюдали эутонию по данным спектрального анализа (HF=LF). Данные статистического и временнÓго анализа в этой группе демонстрировали повышение вклада парасимпатической составляющей в вариабельность ритма сердца (RMSSD, pNN50, SDNN, CV), создающее предпосылки для её усиления. В группе II после проб с задержкой дыхания наблюдалось некоторое снижение симпатической активности. В то же время отмечали напряжённый паттерн вегетативной регуляции во время пробы с задержкой дыхания на выдохе, что может указывать на сниженное функциональное состояние регуляторных систем. Для группы III было характерно резкое повышение симпатической активации в пробе с задержкой дыхания на вдохе с последующей мягкой коррекцией во время задержки дыхания на выдохе, что можно расценивать как адекватную реакцию организма на нагрузку. В состоянии покоя после проведённой пробы паттерн регуляции вернулся к исходному с умеренным преобладанием парасимпатической активности и, соответственно, с более благоприятным для организма уровнем вариабельности ритма сердца.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Адаптивные реакции вариабельности ритма сердца проявляются повышением симпатической активации, в последующем, при обычном дыхании, сменяются компенсаторным включением парасимпатического отдела вегетативной нервной системы. Несмотря на однонаправленный характер, выраженность реакций различается в зависимости от группы принятого ранжирования.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>理由 从适应理论的角度来看，研究人员对生物体内生物节律的同步性特别感兴趣。</p> <p>研究目的 揭示在吸气和呼气时任意屏气的测试中心律调节影响的特殊反应。</p> <p>材料和方法 随机选取 21 名学生作为研究对象，年龄（20.64±1.14）岁，体重（67.19±12.98）公斤，身高（172.29±7.63）厘米，其中男性 9 名，女性 12 名。按照 N.I. Shlyk（2009 年）的分类法，根据心律调节中枢回路或自主回路的主导地位，将所有受试者分为 3 组（I、II、III）。休息五分钟后，在坐姿下使用硬件-软件复合机 “Varicard 3.0 ”进行五次连续心电图登记：1-初始状态；2-吸气时自主屏气；3-静息状态；4-呼气时自主屏气；5-静息状态。心律的数学分析使用硬件和软件复合体 “Varicard 3.0 ”进行；分析中考虑了心律的统计参数和频谱频率分析参数。</p> <p>分析结果 在对数据进行分析时，我们发现在憋气期间，各组的心律变异性都有所下降，而在静息状态下，心律变异性都有所上升。与此同时，根据频谱分析数据（HF=LF），第一组在憋气测试后的静息状态下出现了痰。该组的统计和时间分析数据表明，副交感神经成分对心率变异性（RMSSD、pNN50、SDNN、CV）的贡献增加，为其放大创造了先决条件。第二组在屏气测试后，交感神经活动略有下降。同时，在憋气呼气试验中观察到自律神经调节紧张的模式，这可能表明调节系统的功能状态有所减弱。第三组的特点是在憋气测试中交感神经活动急剧增加，随后在憋气测试中得到轻微纠正，这可被视为机体对负荷的充分反应。测试结束后休息时，调节模式又恢复到最初的模式，副交感神经活动适度占优势，相应地，机体的心率变异性水平也更高。</p> <p>结论 心率变异性的适应性反应表现为交感神经激活的增加，随后在正常呼吸过程中被自律神经系统副交感神经部分的补偿性纳入所取代。尽管心率变异性具有单向性，但反应的表现形式因所接受的等级组别而异。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heart rate variability</kwd><kwd>hypoxia</kwd><kwd>hypercapnia</kwd><kwd>breath holding</kwd><kwd>regulatory systems</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вариабельность ритма сердца</kwd><kwd>гипоксия</kwd><kwd>гиперкапния</kwd><kwd>задержка дыхания</kwd><kwd>регуляторные системы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>心率变异性</kwd><kwd>缺氧</kwd><kwd>高碳酸血症</kwd><kwd>呼吸停止</kwd><kwd>调节系统。</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zenchenko TA, Jordanova M, Poskotinova LV, et al. 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