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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">642804</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco642804</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ODZVNZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genotoxic effects of commercial sample of ponceau 4R-based food colorant in micronucleus assay on human whole blood culture</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генотоксические эффекты коммерческого образца пищевого красителя на основе понсо 4R в микроядерном тесте на культуре крови человека</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>基于庞索4R的商业食品色素在人全血培养微核试验中的遗传毒性效应</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0866-5990</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9106-5076</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>Tatyana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>Tatyana A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>TNikitina@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8319-1329</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">8142882800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7559-9045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konyashkina</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коняшкина</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Konyashkina</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>MKonyashkina@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2262-6800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57205760994</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">C-8899-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1013-7006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ingel</surname><given-names>Faina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ингель</surname><given-names>Фаина Исааковна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Ingel</surname><given-names>Faina I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>FIngel@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3619-3858</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57138478700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-8204-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7049-0003</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhaltseva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахальцева</surname><given-names>Людмила Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Akhaltseva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>LAhalceva@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>12</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>893</fpage><lpage>905</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-11"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-14"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/642804">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/642804</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Genetic safety assessments of food additives have traditionally been conducted using highly purified substances. In the Russian Federation, according to the requirements of the Customs Union Technical Regulation, genotoxicity testing of approved food colorants is not mandatory. The regulation is limited to determining the content of the main colorant component and select constituents. However, this approach is insufficient, as it does not account for the possible presence of toxic and genotoxic impurities in food colorants.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To evaluate the genetic safety of a commercially available Ponceau 4R (E124)-based food colorant using the micronucleus assay on human whole blood culture with cytokinesis block, both in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation system.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The Ponceau 4R-based colorant was purchased in a retail store. The cells from a healthy donor were cultured under cytokinesis-block conditions with and without S9 rat liver metabolic activation, exposed to the colorant at concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 mg/mL. Cytome assay was performed using an extended micronucleus assay protocol. Statistical analysis was conducted using the <italic>χ<sup>2</sup></italic> test and the Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A statistically significant increase in the frequency of cells with genetic damage was observed, following a U-shaped dose–response pattern. Without metabolic activation, significant effects were found at concentrations of 0.0000256, 0.00064, and 0.4 mg/mL; with S9 activation, at concentrations of 0.0000256, 0.000128, and 0.016 mg/mL. In addition, in the presence of the S9 fraction, an increased frequency of trinucleated cells, stimulation of mitotic activity, and suppression of apoptosis were also observed.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Genotoxic effects of the Ponceau 4R-based food colorant obtained from the retail market were detected at or below the acceptable daily intake level for humans. The proposed approach may serve as a foundation for the development of a system for genetic safety assessment of food colorants and additives.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Традиционно оценку генетической безопасности пищевых добавок проводят только с использованием веществ высокой степени чистоты. В Российской Федерации, согласно требованиям Технического регламента Таможенного союза, контроль генотоксичности разрешённых к применению пищевых красителей не предусмотрен. Регламент ограничивается определением содержания основного красящего вещества и отдельных компонентов состава. Однако такой подход является недостаточным, поскольку он не учитывает возможное присутствие токсичных и генотоксичных примесей в составе пищевых красителей.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Оценить генетическую безопасность пищевого красителя на основе понсо 4R (Е124), поступившего в розничную торговлю, с использованием микроядерного теста на цельной крови человека, культивируемой в условиях цитокинетического блока, как в присутствии системы метаболической активации, так и без неё.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Краситель на основе понсо 4R приобретён в розничной торговой сети. Клетки здорового донора культивировали в условиях цитокинетического блока параллельно в присутствии системы метаболической активации S9 гепатоцитов крыс и без неё при воздействии красителя на клетки в диапазоне концентраций от 0 до 2 мг/мл. Цитомный анализ проводили по расширенному протоколу микроядерного теста. Для статистической обработки использовали критерии χ<sup>2</sup> и Манна–Уитни.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Статистически значимое увеличение частоты клеток с генетическими повреждениями в культурах крови наблюдали по U-образному типу зависимости: без метаболической активации — при воздействии красителя в концентрациях 0,000 025 6, 0,000 64 и 0,4 мг/мл; в условиях метаболической активации — при концентрациях 0,000 025 6, 0,000 128 и 0,016 мг/мл. Кроме того, в присутствии фракции S9 также обнаружены увеличение частоты 3-ядерных клеток, стимуляция митотической активности и супрессия апоптоза.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Генотоксические эффекты пищевого красителя на основе понсо 4R, приобретённого в розничной торговле, выявлены на уровне допустимой суточной дозы для человека и ниже. Представленный подход может стать основой для разработки системы оценки генетической безопасности пищевых красителей и добавок.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。传统上，食品添加剂的遗传安全性评估仅使用高纯度物质进行。在俄罗斯联邦，根据关税同盟技术法规的规定，现行制度并未规定对获准使用的食品色素进行遗传毒性控制。相关法规仅规定主要着色成分及部分组分的含量要求。然而，这种方法存在局限性，因其忽视了食品色素中可能存在的有毒或具有遗传毒性的杂质。</p> <p>目的。采用在人全血中进行的、结合细胞有丝分裂阻断条件的微核试验，在有/无代谢激活系统的条件下，评估零售渠道获得的基于庞索4R（E124）的食品色素的遗传安全性。</p> <p>材料与方法。所用基于庞索4R的食品色素购自零售渠道。在细胞有丝分裂阻断条件下，将健康供体的细胞分别在有或无大鼠肝脏S9代谢激活系统的情况下进行培养，并在0–2 mg/mL的浓度范围内暴露于该食品色素。细胞学分析依据扩展微核试验方案进行。统计处理采用χ2检验与Mann–Whitney U检验。</p> <p>结果。在血液培养中观察到带有遗传损伤的细胞频率呈“U”型依赖关系显著上升：在无代谢激活条件下，于0.0000256、0.00064和0.4 mg/mL浓度下出现显著增加；在代谢激活条件下，于0.0000256、0.000128和0.016 mg/mL浓度下出现显著增加。此外，在S9存在条件下还观察到三核细胞频率升高、有丝分裂活性增强以及细胞凋亡的抑制作用。</p> <p>结论。零售渠道获得的庞索4R食品色素在接近或低于人类每日允许摄入量的水平下已表现出遗传毒性效应。所采用的方法可作为建立食品色素及添加剂遗传安全性评价体系的基础。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ponceau 4R-based food colorant</kwd><kwd>E124</kwd><kwd>human whole blood cultured with cytochalasin B</kwd><kwd>primary culture</kwd><kwd>rat liver S9 fraction</kwd><kwd>cytome assay in micronucleus test</kwd><kwd>DNA damage</kwd><kwd>proliferation</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пищевой краситель на основе понсо 4R</kwd><kwd>Е124</kwd><kwd>цельная кровь человека, культивированная с цитохалазином В</kwd><kwd>первичная культура</kwd><kwd>S9 гепатоцитов крыс</kwd><kwd>цитомный анализ в микроядерном тесте</kwd><kwd>повреждения ДНК</kwd><kwd>пролиферация</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>庞索4R食品色素</kwd><kwd>E124</kwd><kwd>加用细胞松弛素B的人全血培养</kwd><kwd>原代细胞培养</kwd><kwd>大鼠肝S9代谢激活系统</kwd><kwd>微核试验细胞学分析</kwd><kwd>DNA损伤</kwd><kwd>细胞增殖</kwd><kwd>细胞凋亡</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное медико-биологическое агентство</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>388-00102-20-02</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>FDA. 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