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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643208</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco643208</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">emtgyu</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Increased human body contamination with cadmium following inclusion of sunflower seeds in diet</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Повышение уровня контаминации организма человека кадмием при дополнении его рациона семенами подсолнечника</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>食用向日葵种子导致人体镉污染水平升高</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-9057</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3521-1536</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Afonkina</surname><given-names>Svetlana R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афонькина</surname><given-names>Светлана Разифовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Afonkina</surname><given-names>Svetlana R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><email>svetafonk1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-372X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5925-2360</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakhina</surname><given-names>Margarita R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яхина</surname><given-names>Маргарита Радиковна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Yakhina</surname><given-names>Margarita R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>zmr3313@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5455-6472</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9088-3293</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usmanova</surname><given-names>Elsa N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усманова</surname><given-names>Эльза Наилевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Usmanova</surname><given-names>Elsa N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>4usmanova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0838-3598</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3704-1010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Allayarova</surname><given-names>Guzel R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аллаярова</surname><given-names>Гузель Римовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Allayarova</surname><given-names>Guzel R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>ufa.lab@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8750-3852</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4405-3181</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Astakhova</surname><given-names>Margarita I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Астахова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Ивановна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Astakhova</surname><given-names>Margarita I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicice), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicice), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>Astachova_mi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9754-4685</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5305-0589</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Larionova</surname><given-names>Tatyana K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларионова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Кенсариновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Larionova</surname><given-names>Tatyana K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>larionovatk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-4802</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4086-7132</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Daukaev</surname><given-names>Rustem A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даукаев</surname><given-names>Рустем Аскарович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Daukaev</surname><given-names>Rustem A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>ufa.lab@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-6791</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6215-4556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fazlieva</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фазлыева</surname><given-names>Анна Сергеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Fazlieva</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nytik-21@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>12</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>921</fpage><lpage>930</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-20"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-23"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/643208">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/643208</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Sunflower seeds are characterized by their year-round availability, high nutritional value, and relatively low cost. Medical professionals and applied science experts emphasize the importance of incorporating whole sunflower seeds into the general population’s diet. However, concerns about consumer safety—particularly the elevated cadmium content in sunflower seeds—are periodically raised in mass media. The Oil and Fat Union of Russia acknowledges the existence of this issue. At the same time, there is no consensus among scientists regarding the permissible levels of heavy metals in food and their overall impact on human health and the food chain.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The study aimed to assess the contribution of cadmium to the total toxic load from heavy metals present in sunflower seeds and to determine potential health risks associated with their regular consumption using dietary simulation modeling.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold>: The study included food products of regional origin and water samples from 27 centralized water supply sources located in the areas where study participants resided. Seven-day dietary and water intake recall questionnaires were collected and processed from 160 physically healthy respondents of reproductive age. In addition, cadmium and other toxic elements were measured in 26 samples of snack-type sunflower seeds using chemical analysis.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: The permissible concentration of toxic elements in sunflower seeds was exceeded only for cadmium, with an average content of 0.23 ± 0.06 mg/kg. Daily consumption of the seeds in the amount recommended by nutritionists (50 g per day), cadmium intake ranges from 0.007 to 0.009 mg, which is twice as high as the intake from food and water—0.0033 ± 0.0012 mg and 0.0007 ± 0.0003 mg, respectively.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Simulation modeling of dietary inclusion of 50 g of snack-type sunflower seeds predicts an oral cadmium intake corresponding to an average of 31.4% of the tolerable daily intake established in the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Семена подсолнечника отличаются доступностью, высокой питательной ценностью и относительно низкой стоимостью в течение всего года. Медицинские специалисты и эксперты в области прикладных наук подчёркивают целесообразность включения цельнозернового подсолнечника в рацион питания населения. Вопрос безопасности продукции для потребителя, в частности повышенного содержания кадмия в семенах подсолнечника, периодически рассматривают в средствах массовой информации. Масложировой Союз России не отрицает наличие данной проблемы. При этом отсутствует единая точка зрения среди учёных относительно допустимого содержания тяжёлых металлов в продуктах питания и их влияния на человека и пищевую цепь в целом.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold><italic> </italic>Оценить вклад кадмия в общую токсическую нагрузку от тяжёлых металлов, содержащихся в семенах подсолнечника, а также определить потенциальные риски для здоровья при их регулярном потреблении с использованием метода имитационного моделирования рациона.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Проведено исследование продуктов питания регионального происхождения и проб воды из 27 источников централизованного водоснабжения с территорий проживания участников эксперимента. Собраны и обработаны анкеты воспроизведения семидневного рациона питания и потребления воды 160 физически здоровых респондентов фертильного возраста. Кроме того, выполнен химический анализ 26 образцов грызовых семян подсолнечника на содержание кадмия и других токсичных элементов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Допустимая концентрация токсичных элементов в семенах подсолнечника превышена только по кадмию и составляет 0,23±0,06 мг/кг. При потреблении семян в количестве, рекомендуемом нутрициологами (50 г в день), в организм поступает от 0,007 до 0,009 мг кадмия, что в два раза превышает поступление с пищей и водой 0,0033±0,0012 и 0,0007±0,0003 мг соответственно.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Имитационное моделирование включения в рацион питания 50 г семян подсолнечника грызовых сортов позволяет спрогнозировать уровень перорального поступления кадмия, который в среднем составляет 31,4% предельно допустимого суточного поступления, принятого в Российской Федерации.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。向日葵种子全年均具有可得性、高营养价值和相对低廉的价格。医学专家与应用科学领域的研究人员普遍建议在人群膳食中加入整粒向日葵籽。关于面向消费者的产品安全问题，尤其是向日葵种子中镉含量偏高的情况，媒体时常予以关注。Oil and Fat Union of Russia亦未否认该问题的存在。同时，科学界尚无关于食品中重金属允许含量及其对人体和整个食物链影响的统一观点。</p> <p>目的。评估向日葵种子中镉在食物中所含重金属总体毒性负担中的贡献，并通过模拟膳食结构，评估其经常性摄入对健康的潜在风险。</p> <p>材料与方法。研究包括对参与者居住区域的地方食品样本及27处集中供水水源水样的检测分析。收集并处理了160名身体健康、处于育龄阶段的受试者关于7天食物摄入与饮水情况的回顾性问卷。另对26份咀嚼类向日葵种子样本进行了镉及其他有毒元素的化学分析。</p> <p>结果。在向日葵种子中，所有检测的有毒元素中，只有镉的含量超过了允许浓度，达到0.23±0.06 mg/kg。在按营养学家推荐的每日摄入量（50克）食用向日葵种子的情况下，人体可摄入0.007–0.009毫克镉，这一数值约为通过食物和饮水摄入量（分别为0.0033±0.0012毫克和0.0007±0.0003毫克）的两倍。</p> <p>结论。膳食模拟显示，将50克咀嚼类向日葵种子纳入膳食结构，可预测其所致的镉经口摄入量，平均相当于俄罗斯联邦规定的每日允许摄入上限的31.4%。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cadmium</kwd><kwd>diet</kwd><kwd>sunflower seeds</kwd><kwd>bioaccumulation in plants, animals, and humans</kwd><kwd>safety thresholds</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кадмий</kwd><kwd>рацион питания</kwd><kwd>семена подсолнечника</kwd><kwd>накопление в растениях, животных и человеке</kwd><kwd>границы безопасности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>镉</kwd><kwd>膳食结构</kwd><kwd>向日葵种子</kwd><kwd>植物、动物与人体的积累</kwd><kwd>安全限值</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Moreda-Piñeiro J, Herbello-Hermelo P, Domínguez-González R, et al. 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