Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)Экология человека1728-08692949-1444Eco-Vector6441910.33396/1728-0869-2021-3-4-14ArticlesСтатьиResearch ArticleOPPORTUNISTIC FUNGI AS CONTAMINANTS OF HUMAN ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR POTENTIAL PATHOGENICITYОппортунистические грибы - контаминанты среды обитания человека и их потенциальная патогенностьKuzikovaI. L.КузиковаИрина Леонидовна

кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории биологических методов экологической безопасности

ilkuzikova@ya.ruMedvedevaN. G.МедведеваНадежда ГригорьевнSt. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesФГБУН «Санкт-Петербургский Федеральный исследовательский центр Российской академии наук»Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of SciencesСанкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский центр экологической безопасности Российской академии наук15032021283NO3 (2021)№3 (2021)41431032021Copyright ©; 2021, Kuzikova I.L., Medvedeva N.G.Copyright ©; 2021, Кузикова И.Л., Медведева Н.Г.2021Kuzikova I.L., Medvedeva N.G.Кузикова И.Л., Медведева Н.Г.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/64419

Massive spread of opportunistic fungi in human environment is an emerging global environmental challenge. The amount of research on fungal contamination of the human environment and associations between anthropogenic mycocenoses and human health has been increasing in recent years. A significant number of fungal contaminants have been considered as causative agents of invasive aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchial asthma, mucorosis, etc. Moreover, the incidence of mycoses caused by opportunistic fungi has been increasing globally. A significant number of pathogenic factors observed in opportunistic fungi are similar to those in the pathogenic ones. A unique ability to adapt to changing environment results in resistance to both human defense mechanisms and antifungal agents making control of fungal contamination a significant challenge. In this paper we review the evidence from national and international studies as well as own research on the distribution of various fungi species in human environment and their pathogenicity. We also discuss the need for development of safe, effective and ecofriendly fungicides.

Массовое распространение оппортунистических грибов в среде обитания человека, в том числе за счет развития процессов биоповреждений различных материалов, представляет глобальную экологическую проблему. В настоящее время во всем мире активно проводятся исследования по оценке контаминации грибами среды обитания человека, формирования специфических, отличных от природных, антропогенных микоценозов, негативно влияющих на его здоровье. Значительное число видов этих грибов являются аллергенными, токсигенными, относятся к возбудителям многих опасных заболеваний (инвазивный аспергиллез, аллергический бронхолегочный аспергиллез, бронхиальная астма, мукороз и др.). Количество микозов, вызываемых оппортунистическими грибами, ежегодно увеличивается во всем мире. О потенциальной патогенности этих грибов свидетельствует и тот факт, что условно патогенные грибы имеют практически такие же факторы патогенности, как и патогенные. Обладая уникальной способностью адаптироваться к изменяющимся условиям среды, они могут противостоять как защитным механизмам человека, так и действию различных антифунгальных средств. Эти свойства грибов обуславливают трудность борьбы с ними, которая не всегда завершается успешно. В настоящем обзоре представлены данные собственных исследований авторов и результаты других отечественных и зарубежных исследователей о распространении сапробных грибов в среде обитания человека, дана краткая характеристика факторов их патогенности. Обсуждается необходимость создания эффективных и экологически безопасных средств защиты от оппортунистических грибов, включая комплексные препараты

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