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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">677157</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco677157</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OUJLNS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Intraocular pressure in the adult population of Arkhangelsk and its associations with socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and general health status</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Внутриглазное давление у взрослого населения г. Архангельска и его связи с социально-демографическими характеристиками, образом жизни и общим состоянием здоровья</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>Arkhangelsk市成年居民的眼压水平及其与社会人口学特征、生活方式和健康状况的关系</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6587-7149</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1709-6124</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinayskaya</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синайская</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sinayskaya</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>msinayskaya@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-0535</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9312-3211</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zelentsov</surname><given-names>Roman N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зеленцов</surname><given-names>Роман Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zelentsov</surname><given-names>Roman N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>zelentsovrn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9346-1898</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6326-5523</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bebyakova</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бебякова</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bebyakova</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci (Biology), Professor</p></bio><email>nbebyakova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9066-5687</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5164-4187</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pechinkina</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печинкина</surname><given-names>Наталья Игоревна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Pechinkina</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>belova-8@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2248-6991</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8388-3638</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trofimova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трофимова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Trofimova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>aa.trofimova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8902-8947</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9296-2930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцев</surname><given-names>Александр Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio><p>Ph.D.</p></bio><email>alex.v.kudryavtsev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северный государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>280</fpage><lpage>293</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-14"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-05"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/677157">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/677157</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> Glaucoma is considered one of the leading causes of disability. Intraocular pressure is a key risk factor for the development of glaucoma, which underscores the importance of its assessment and control. The pneumotonometric method for measuring intraocular pressure is being widely used in glaucoma screening diagnostics.</p> <p><bold>Aim:<italic> </italic></bold>The work aimed to determine population-based reference values and age-related changes in intraocular pressure among adults in the European North of Russia and to examine associations between intraocular pressure and socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and health indicators.</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> A random sample of Arkhangelsk residents aged 45–74 years (<italic>n</italic> = 1223) was examined, including an ophthalmologic assessment and pneumotonometry. Socio-demographic and lifestyle data were collected via face-to-face interviews, and health characteristics were obtained through clinical examinations. Reference intraocular pressure values were defined using the 5th and 95th percentiles. Associations between intraocular pressure and study variables were assessed using multivariable linear regression and presented as B coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold><bold> </bold>The mean intraocular pressure was 14.2 mmHg overall, 13.9 mmHg in men, and 14.4 mmHg in women. Population-based reference ranges for true intraocular pressure were identified as follows: low-normal (9–12 mmHg), mid-normal (12–16 mmHg), and high-normal (16–20 mmHg). Intraocular pressure levels showed a downward trend with increasing age in both women (<italic>p</italic> = 0.007) and men (<italic>p</italic> = 0.011). Inverse associations were found between intraocular pressure and male sex (B = –0.56; 95% CI: –0.94 to –0.18), indigenous status in the Arkhangelsk Region (B = –0.50; 95% CI: –0.83 to –0.16), and higher education (B = –0.40; 95% CI: –0.73 to –0.06). Among health-related variables, intraocular pressure was associated with hypertension (B = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.94), diabetes mellitus (B = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.89), dyslipidemia (B = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.71), abdominal obesity (B = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.31 to 0.98), thyroid dysfunction (B = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.77), vitamin D deficiency (B = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.30 to 1.22), and low serum total protein (B = –0.76; 95% CI: –1.43 to –0.09).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> This study established normal intraocular pressure ranges for residents of the European North of Russia aged 45–74 years. A decrease in intraocular pressure with age was observed, along with lower intraocular pressure levels in men, indigenous residents of the Arkhangelsk Region, and individuals with low serum protein. Elevated intraocular pressure levels were associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, thyroid dysfunction, and vitamin D deficiency.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Глаукома считается одной из основных причин инвалидизации населения. Ключевым фактором риска развития глаукомы является внутриглазное давление (ВГД), что обуславливает важность его оценки и контроля. Широкое применение в скрининговой диагностике глаукомы приобретает пневмотонометрический метод измерения ВГД.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Определить популяционные нормы и возрастные изменения ВГД у взрослого населения Европейского Севера России, изучить связи ВГД с социально-демографическими признаками, факторами образа жизни и характеристиками здоровья.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Обследована случайная выборка жителей г. Архангельска в возрасте 45–74 лет (n=1223), включая осмотр офтальмологом и пневмотонометрию. Данные о социально-демографических характеристиках и образе жизни получены методом устного интервью, о характеристиках здоровья — посредством медицинского обследования. Референсные значения ВГД получены на основании значений 5–95-го процентилей. Связи ВГД с рассматриваемыми переменными оценены с помощью многомерных линейных регрессий и представлены в виде коэффициентов В с 95% доверительными интервалами (ДИ).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Среднее значение ВГД составило 14,2 мм рт. ст., у мужчин — 13,9 мм рт. ст., у женщин — 14,4 мм рт. ст. Определены популяционные уровни низкой нормы, средней нормы и высокой нормы истинного ВГД, которые составили от 9 до 12 мм рт. ст., от 12 до 16 мм рт. ст. и от 16 до 20 мм рт. ст. соответственно. Значения ВГД имели нисходящие тренды с увеличением возраста женщин (р=0,007) и мужчин (р=0,011). Установлены отрицательные связи между ВГД и принадлежностью к мужскому полу (В –0,56; 95% ДИ –0,94; –0,18), принадлежностью к коренному населению Архангельской области (В –0,50; 95% ДИ –0,83; –0,16) и наличием высшего образования (B –0,40; 95% ДИ –0,73; –0,06). Из анализируемых характеристик здоровья связи с ВГД имели артериальная гипертензия (В 0,56; 95% ДИ 0,17; 0,94), сахарный диабет (В 0,46; 95% ДИ 0,03; 0,89), дислипидемия (В 0,36; 95% ДИ 0,01; 0,71), абдоминальное ожирение (В 0,39; 95% ДИ 0,31; 0,98), нарушение функции щитовидной железы (В 0,42; 95% ДИ 0,07; 0,77), недостаточность витамина D (В 0,76; 95% ДИ 0,30; 1,22) и снижение уровня общего белка (В –0,76; 95% ДИ –1,43; –0,09).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В исследовании определены нормальные диапазоны ВГД для жителей Европейского Севера России 45–74 лет. Отмечено снижение уровня ВГД с возрастом, пониженные его значения у мужчин, у коренных жителей Архангельской области, а также при низком уровне общего белка в крови. Повышенные уровни ВГД ассоциировались с наличием артериальной гипертензии, сахарного диабета, дислипидемии, ожирения, с дисфункцией щитовидной железы, недостаточностью витамина D.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。青光眼是导致人群致残的主要原因之一。眼内压 (intraocular pressure, IOP) 是青光眼发展的关键危险因素，因此对眼压的评估和监测具有重要意义。在青光眼筛查中，广泛采用气动眼压计法 (pneumotonometry) 进行IOP测量。</p> <p>目的。明确俄罗斯欧洲北部地区成年居民的群体IOP参考值及其不同年龄段的变化，研究眼压与社会人口学特征、生活方式因素和健康指标之间的关系。</p> <p>方法。对Arkhangelsk市45–74岁居民的随机样本（n=1223）进行检查，包括由眼科医生进行的检查和气动眼压测量。通过面对面访谈收集社会人口学和生活方式资料，通过医学检查收集健康状况数据。IOP参考值依据第5–95百分位数确定。IOP与各变量之间的关系通过多元线性回归进行评估，结果以回归系数B及其95%置信区间（CI）的形式呈现。</p> <p>结果。总体人群的平均IOP为14.2 mmHg，其中男性为13.9 mmHg，女性为14.4 mmHg。明确了群体IOP的低正常（9–12 mmHg）、中等正常（12–16 mmHg）和高正常（16–20 mmHg）三个范围。IOP随年龄增长呈下降趋势，女性（p=0.007），男性（p=0.011）。IOP与男性性别（B=0.56；95% CI –0.94, –0.18）、为 Arkhangelsk Region 原住民身份（B=0.50；95% CI –0.83, –0.16）以及高等教育水平（B=0.40；95% CI –0.73, –0.06）呈负相关。在所分析的健康指标中，以下因素与IOP存在关联：高血压（B=0.56；95% CI 0.17, 0.94）、糖尿病（B=0.46；95% CI 0.03, 0.89）、血脂异常（B=0.36；95% CI 0.01, 0.71）、腹型肥胖（B=0.39；95% CI 0.31, 0.98）、甲状腺功能异常（B=0.42；95% CI 0.07, 0.77）、维生素D缺乏（B=0.76；95% CI 0.30, 1.22）以及血清总蛋白水平下降（B=–0.76；95% CI –1.43, –0.09）。</p> <p>结论。本研究明确了俄罗斯欧洲北部45–74岁人群的IOP正常范围。研究发现，IOP水平随年龄增长而下降，男性、Arkhangelsk Region 原住民以及血清总蛋白水平较低者的眼压较低。而高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、肥胖、甲状腺功能异常和维生素D缺乏则与IOP升高有关。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intraocular pressure</kwd><kwd>pneumotonometry</kwd><kwd>hypertension</kwd><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>dyslipidemia</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>thyroid dysfunction</kwd><kwd>vitamin D deficiency</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внутриглазное давление</kwd><kwd>пневмотонометрия</kwd><kwd>артериальная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>дислипидемия</kwd><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>дисфункция щитовидной железы</kwd><kwd>недостаточность витамина D</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>眼内压</kwd><kwd>气动眼压计法</kwd><kwd>高血压</kwd><kwd>糖尿病</kwd><kwd>血脂异常</kwd><kwd>肥胖</kwd><kwd>甲状腺功能异常</kwd><kwd>维生素D缺乏</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">俄羅斯科學基金會</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-15-20017</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, et al. 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