<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678196</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco678196</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OUBYHM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Trier Social Stress Test for Assessing Psychosocial Stress Based on Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Male and Female Students of a Higher Educational Institution</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение Триер-теста для оценки психосоциального стресса по показателям вариабельности сердечного ритма у юношей и девушек, обучающихся в высшем учебном заведении</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>应用特里尔社会压力测试评估高等院校在读青年男女在心理社会压力下的心率变异性指标</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2332-7543</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8187-1821</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tolstoguzov</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Толстогузов</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Tolstoguzov</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>s.n.tolstoguzov@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4270-2390</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8734-1071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shikova</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шикова</surname><given-names>Ксения Алексеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shikova</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stud0000193319@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9584-2987</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gruk</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грук</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Михайлович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gruk</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stud0000279574@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5809-5805</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4898-7014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepunova</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепунова</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Lepunova</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>o.n.lepunova@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Tyumen</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тюменский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">University of Tyumen</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-08-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>479</fpage><lpage>493</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-07"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-01"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/678196">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/678196</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>B</italic></bold><bold><italic>ACKGROUND: </italic></bold>The study of heart rate variability under short-term experimentally induced psychosocial stress is important for understanding the mechanisms of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM: </italic></bold>The work aimed to investigate the changes of heart rate variability parameters during short-term intensive exposure to psychosocial stress factors using the Trier Social Stress Test in male and female first- and second-year students of a higher educational institution.</p> <p><bold><italic>METHODS: </italic></bold>It was a prospective study. Inclusion criteria: health group I or II; age 19–22 years; willingness to participate and strong motivation for high performance. Exclusion criteria: any degree of obesity; history of chronic cardiovascular or neurological diseases. Two groups were formed according to sex: group 1, females; group 2, males. Acute psychosocial stress was induced using a modified Trier Social Stress Test protocol. At each stage, a 5-minute segment of cardiointerval recording was obtained for subsequent heart rate variability analysis.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS: </italic></bold>The study included 79 volunteers enrolled in the 1st–2nd years of full-time university education. Females and males were assigned to group 1 (<italic>n</italic> = 41) and group 2 (<italic>n</italic> = 38), respectively. From the first (control) phase of the Trier Social Stress Test, differences in heart rate variability parameters were observed between groups despite low subjective stress reports. In the second phase, both groups demonstrated increased heart rate and low-frequency spectral power, along with decreased normalized RR interval duration and high-frequency spectral power. Reactivity phase showed the highest subjective stress ratings and maximal heart rate variability alterations compared with the control stage. An increase in heart rate (especially in group 1 during self-presentation), centralization index, vagosympathetic interaction index, low- and very-low-frequency spectral power, the difference between maximum and minimum RR intervals, as well as the standard deviation of the full set of RR intervals (predominantly in group 2) was noted. In addition, a decrease in the mean duration of the normalized RR interval and in the high-frequency spectral power was observed. By the fifth phase, with moderate subjective stress persisting, sympatho-parasympathetic balance was largely restored in both groups, with some sympathetic predominance in integral heart rate variability measures.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic></bold>Thus, males showed a trophotropic pattern of changes in the activity of regulatory systems, characterized by moderate inhibition of vagal influences along with sympathoadrenal activation during acute psychosocial stress. In females, stress-induced heart rate variability alterations were more pronounced and ergotropic in nature.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Исследование вариабельности сердечного ритма при краткосрочном экспериментально индуцированном психосоциальном стрессе важно для понимания механизмов вегетативной регуляции сердечной деятельности.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Изучение динамики показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма при краткосрочном интенсивном влиянии факторов психосоциального стресса в условиях Триер-теста у юношей и девушек, обучающихся на 1–2-м курсах высшего учебного заведения.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведено проспективное исследование. Критерии включения: I или II группа здоровья; возраст — 19–22 лет; желание принять участие в исследовании и выраженная мотивация на высокий результат. Критерии исключения: ожирение любой степени; наличие в анамнезе хронических заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой или нервной системы. Сформировано две группы в зависимости от половой принадлежности: 1-я группа — девушки; 2-я группа — юноши. Провокацию острого психосоциального стресса проводили с использованием видоизменённого варианта Триер-теста. На каждом его этапе регистрировали 5-минутный отрезок кардиоинтервалограммы с последующим расчётом вариабельности сердечного ритма.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В исследовании приняли участие 79 добровольцев, обучающихся на 1–2-м курсах очной формы университета. Девушки включены в 1-ю группу (<italic>n</italic>=41), юноши — во 2-ю группу (<italic>n</italic>=38). Начиная с первой (контрольной) фазы Триер-теста, несмотря на невысокий уровень субъективных переживаний стресса, фиксировали различия показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма в группах. На втором этапе в обеих группах зафиксировано увеличение частоты сердечных сокращений и мощности спектра низкочастотного компонента, а также снижение средней длительности нормированного интервала <italic>RR</italic> и мощности высокочастотного компонента. Реактивные фазы характеризовались наибольшей выраженностью субъективных переживаний стресса и максимальными по сравнению с контрольной фазой изменениями вариабельности сердечного ритма. Отмечали увеличение частоты сердечных сокращений (особенно в 1-й группе во время самопрезентации), индекса централизации, индекса вагосимпатического взаимодействия, мощности спектра низкочастотного и очень низкочастотного компонентов, разности между максимальным и минимальным значениями кардиоинервалов, а также стандартного отклонения полного массива кардиоинтервалов (преимущественно во 2-й группе). Кроме того, наблюдали снижение средней длительности нормированного интервала <italic>RR</italic> и мощности спектра высокочастотного компонента. В пятую фазу при сохранении умеренного субъективного уровня стресса отмечено возвращение симпато-парасимпатического регуляторного равновесия в обеих группах с некоторым симпатоадреналовым преобладанием по интегральным характеристикам вариабельности сердечного ритма.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Таким образом, у юношей наблюдали трофотропный характер изменений активности регуляторных систем при умеренном торможении вагусных влияний на фоне симпатоадреналовой активации во время острого психосоциального стресса. В свою очередь, у девушек стресс-изменения вариабельности сердечного ритма носили более выраженный эрготропный характер.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。在短期实验性诱导的心理社会压力条件下研究心率变异性，对于理解心脏活动的自主神经调节机制具有重要意义。</p> <p>目的。探讨在特里尔社会压力测试（Trier Social Stress Test）条件下，高等院校 1–2 年级青年男女在短期强烈心理社会压力作用下的心率变异性动态变化。</p> <p>方法。开展横断面前瞻性研究。纳入标准：健康等级I或II；年龄19–22岁；自愿参加并具有强烈动机完成研究。排除标准：任何程度的肥胖；既往有心血管或神经系统慢性疾病。根据性别分组：第1组 — 女生；第2组 — 男生。采用改良的特里尔测试诱导急性心理社会压力。在测试的每个阶段记录5分钟心动间期图，并随后计算心率变异性指标。</p> <p>结果。共纳入79名全日制大学1–2年级志愿者。 女生（n=41）纳入第1组，男生（n=38）纳入第2组。从特里尔测试的第一（对照）阶段开始，尽管主观压力体验不高，心率变异性指标已显示组间差异。在第二阶段，两组均表现出心率加快、低频功率增加、标准化RR间期缩短及高频功率下降。反应阶段表现为最强烈的主观压力体验，以及相较于对照阶段最显著的心率变异性变化。在这一阶段观察到心率加快（尤其在第1组自我陈述环节）、中心化指数升高、迷走–交感相互作用指数升高、低频和极低频功率升高、心动间期最大–最小差值及心动间期标准差升高（主要见于第2组）。此外，还观察到标准化RR间期和高频功率下降。在第五阶段，在主观压力水平保持中等的情况下，两组均表现出交感–副交感调节平衡的恢复，同时心率变异性的综合特征显示出一定的交感–肾上腺优势。</p> <p>结论。在急性心理社会压力下，男生表现出调节系统活动的营养型（trophotropic）变化特征，其特点是在交感–肾上腺系统激活背景下伴随轻度迷走作用抑制。相应地，女生的心率变异性变化则呈现出更加明显的能量型（ergotropic）特征。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heart rate variability</kwd><kwd>Trier Social Stress Test</kwd><kwd>psychosocial stress</kwd><kwd>cardiac autonomic regulation</kwd><kwd>male</kwd><kwd>female</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вариабельность сердечного ритма</kwd><kwd>Триер-тест</kwd><kwd>психосоциальный стресс</kwd><kwd>автономная регуляция сердца</kwd><kwd>юноши</kwd><kwd>девушки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>心率变异性</kwd><kwd>特里尔社会压力测试</kwd><kwd>心理社会压力</kwd><kwd>心脏自主调节</kwd><kwd>男生</kwd><kwd>女生</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Badr Y, Tariq U, Al-Shargie F, et al. A review on evaluating mental stress by deep learning using EEG signals. Neural Computing and Applications. 2024;36(21):12629–12654. doi: 10.1007/s00521-024-09809-5 EDN: INCXIW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bhatnagar S, Khandelwal S, Jain S, Vyawahare H. A deep learning approach for assessing stress levels in patients using electroencephalogram signals. Decision Analytics Journal. 2023;7:100211. doi: 10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100211 EDN: WAGXAJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Langer K, Jentsch VL, Wolf OT. Effects of acute stress on cognitive emotion regulation and underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2024;160:106722. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106722 EDN: QMDCBJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Kausche FM, Carsten HP, Sobania KM, Riesel A. Fear and safety learning in anxiety- and stress-related disorders: an updated meta-analysis. Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 2025;169:105983. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105983 EDN: QEZEKG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Gellisch M, Bablok M, Brand-Saberi B, Schäfer T. Neurobiological stress markers in educational research: a systematic review of physiological insights in health science education. Trends in Neuroscience and Education. 2024;37:100242. doi: 10.1016/j.tine.2024.100242 EDN: FGIMMY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Demin DB. Response of the cardiovascular system to heart rate variability biofeedback intervention in adolescents with different autonomic nervous tone living in northern and southern regions. Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2023;30(5):375–384. doi: 10.17816/humeco321968 EDN: IHVBQW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Krivonogova EV, Krivonogova OV, Poskotinova LV. Individual-typological features of the reactivity of EEG rhythms, cardiovascular system and lactoferrin level in the conditions of general air cooling of a person. Human Physiology. 2021;47(5):67–76. doi: 10.31857/S0131164621040068 EDN: MXAAAL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Dimitriev DA, Saperova EV, Dimitriev AD, Salimov ER. The use of nonlinear parameters of heart rate variability for stress detection. Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2021;9(3):265–274. doi: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z064 EDN: FZKHBC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Pereira T, Almeida PR, Cunha JPS, Aguiar A. Heart rate variability metrics for fine-grained stress level assessment. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 2017;148:71–80. doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.06.018 EDN: YFWBRL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Spellenberg C, Heusser P, Büssing A, et al. Binary symbolic dynamics analysis to detect stress-associated changes of nonstationary heart rate variability. Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1):1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72034-2 EDN: RXXBTC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH. The ‘Trier social stress test' — a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;28(1-2):76–81. doi: 10.1159/000119004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Vanhollebeke G, De Smet S, De Raedt R, et al. The neural correlates of psychosocial stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of spectral analysis EEG studies. Neurobiology of Stress. 2022;18:100452. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100452 EDN: QOCFUG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Pashkov AA, Dakhtin IS, Kharisova NS. Electroencephalographic biomarkers of experimentally induced stress. Bulletin of the South Ural State University: series "Psychology". 2017;10(4):68–82. doi: 10.14529/psy170407 EDN: YKYSPQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Frisch JU, Häusser JA, Mojzisch A. The Trier social stress test as a paradigm to study how people respond to threat in social interactions. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;6:14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Castaldo R, Montesinos L, Melillo P, et al. Ultra-short term HRV features as surrogates of short term HRV: a case study on mental stress detection in real life. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2019;19(1):1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12911-019-0742-y EDN: TSGZHU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Tharion E, Parthasarathy S, Neelakantan N. Short-term heart rate variability measures in students during examinations. National Medical Journal of India. 2009;22(2):63–66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Lucini D, Norbiato G, Clerici M, Pagani M. Hemodynamic and autonomic adjustments to real life stress conditions in humans. Hypertension. 2002;39(1):184–188. doi: 10.1161/hy0102.100784</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Kim HG, Cheon EJ, Bai DS, et al. Stress and heart rate variability: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Psychiatry Investigation. 2018;15(3):235–245. doi: 10.30773/pi.2017.08.17</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task force of the European Society of cardiology and the North American Society of pacing and electrophysiology. European Heart Journal. 1996;17:354–381. Available from: https://www.escardio.org/static-file/Escardio/Guidelines/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Baevsky RM, Ivanov GG, Chireikin LV, et al. Analysis of heart rate variability using various electrocardiographic systems (methodological recommendations). Journal of Arrhythmology. 2001;(24):65–87. (In Russ.) Available from: http://www.vestar.ru/atts/1267/24baevsky.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kretova IG, Vedyasova OA, Komarova MV, Shiryaeva OI. Analysis and forecasting of reserve capabilities of the organism of students according to indices of heart rate variability. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2019;96(6):556–561. doi: 10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-6-556-561 EDN: ZAPEEB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Bek AT, Emeri G. Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive approach. Saint Petersburg: Dialektika; 2020. (In Russ.) ISBN: 978-5-907203-51-8 Available from: https://djvu.online/file/w8vyYRlLn11kQ?ysclid=mdylwz3hle331630133</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Spitsin AP, Spitsina TA. Heart rate variability under conditions of neuropsychic stress. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2011;(4):65–68. EDN: ODSMYN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Sammito S, Böckelmann I. Factors influencing heart rate variability. International Cardiovascular Forum Journal. 2016;6:18–22. doi: 10.17987/icfj.v6i0.242</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Storniolo JL, Correale L, Buzzachera CF, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Editorial: New Perspectives and Insights on Heart Rate Variability in Exercise and Sports. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2025;7:1574087. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1574087 EDN: KUNSXA</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
