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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678348</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco678348</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SYKSRD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of maternal smoking on placental weight and placental-to-birth weight ratio in full-term singleton births: a birth registry-based study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние курения матери на массу плаценты и соотношение массы плаценты к массе тела при рождении у доношенных новорождённых из одноплодных беременностей: исследование, основанное на регистре родов</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>基于出生登记数据的研究：母亲吸烟对足月单胎新生儿胎盘重量及胎盘重量与出生体重比值的影响</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3130-2920</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">55912362200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAO-8495-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2167-7550</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharkova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харькова</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kharkova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Psychology), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. психол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Psychology), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>harkovaolga@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4982-4169</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6070-2486</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Postoev</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Постоев</surname><given-names>Виталий Александрович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Postoev</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>v.postoev@nsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-3047</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3735-1100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usynina</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усынина</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Usynina</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>perinat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северный государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-08-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>413</fpage><lpage>421</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-10"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/678348">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/678348</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, studies investigating the association between smoking and placental morphology are limited.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The study aimed to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and placental weight, as well as the placental-to-birth weight ratio.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the data from the Murmansk County Birth Registry. The analysis included singleton births at ≥37 completed weeks of gestation. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to assess the associations between standardized placental weight categories (low, medium, high) and the placental-to-birth weight ratio, and smoking before and during pregnancy, including the number of cigarettes smoked daily.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean placental weight was 534.1 grams for male newborns and 523.7 grams for females. Compared with women who never smoked, those who smoked during pregnancy and those who smoked before pregnancy had significantly lower odds of low standardized placental weight. The adjusted relative risk ratio (RRR)=0.75 (95% CI: 0.70–0.81) for smokers, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76–0.97) for those who smoked before pregnancy. The likelihood of a higher standardized placental weight was significantly greater among those who smoked during pregnancy and those who had quit smoking before the first antenatal visit: adjusted RRR=1.35 (95% CI: 1.25–1.45) for smokers and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.09–1.36) for those who quit before pregnancy, compared with non-smokers.</p> <p>The women who smoked before or during pregnancy were less likely to have a low placental-to-birth weight ratio compared with never-smokers (adjusted RRR=0.76 [95% CI: 0.70–0.83] for smokers; adjusted RRR=0.87 [95% CI: 0.77–0.97] for those who quit), and were more likely to have a high standardized ratio (adjusted RRR=1.52 [95% CI: 1.43–1.63] for smokers; adjusted RRR=1.18 [95% CI: 1.06–1.31] for those who quit). An inverse relationship was identified between the number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy and the likelihood of obtaining higher standardized values for both placental weight and placental-to-birth weight ratio.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The study revealed that smoking during pregnancy and quitting prior to the first antenatal visit were associated with higher placental weight and placental-to-birth weight ratio, with a dose-dependent effect observed among smokers. These findings suggest that not only smoking cessation but also reduction in daily cigarette consumption may lower the risk of adverse fetal outcomes, which may serve as a potential motivational tool for promoting primary prevention strategies aimed at reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes among women who smoke.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Курение матери во время беременности является важным фактором риска неблагоприятных исходов беременности, в то же время исследования связи между курением и морфологией плаценты ограничены.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования.</bold> Изучение взаимосвязи между курением матери во время беременности и массой плаценты, а также соотношением массы плаценты к массе новорождённого.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено ретроспективное когортное исследование с использованием данных регистра родов Мурманской области. В анализ включили случаи одноплодной беременности на сроке родов более 37 полных недель гестации. Мультиномиальную логистическую регрессию использовали для оценки взаимосвязи между стандартной оценкой массы плаценты (низкой, средней, высокой) и отношением массы плаценты к массе тела при рождении, а также курением до и во время беременности, включая ежедневное количество выкуриваемых сигарет.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Средняя масса плаценты у мальчиков составила 534,1 г, а у девочек — 523,7 г. У женщин, куривших во время беременности и до её наступления, вероятность низкой стандартной оценки массы плаценты была значимо ниже по сравнению с никогда не курившими. Скорректированное отношение относительных рисков (ООР) для курящих — 0,75 [95% доверительный интервал (ДИ) 0,70–0,81], для куривших до беременности — 0,86 (95% ДИ 0,76–0,97) соответственно. Вероятность более высокой стандартной оценки массы плаценты у курящих во время беременности и тех беременных, которые бросили курить до первой антенатальной явки, была значимо выше: скорректированный ООР для курящих — 1,35 (95% ДИ 1,25–1,45), скорректированное ООР для куривших до беременности — 1,21 (95% ДИ 1,09–1,36) по сравнению с некурящими соответственно.</p> <p>У женщин, куривших до и во время беременности, вероятность низкого соотношения массы плаценты к массе тела при рождении была ниже по сравнению с женщинами, никогда не курившими [скорректированное ООР для курящих — 0,76 (95% ДИ 0,70–0,83); для бросивших курить — 0,87 (95% ДИ 0,77–0,97)]. Кроме того, у них отмечали более высокие показатели стандартной оценки этого отношения [скорректированное ООР для курящих —1,52 (95% ДИ 1,43–1,63); для бросивших курить — 1,18 (95% ДИ 1,06–1,31)]. Выявлена обратная зависимость между количеством выкуриваемых сигарет во время беременности и вероятностью получения более высокой стандартной оценки как массы плаценты, так и соотношения массы плаценты к массе тела при рождении.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Исследование выявило, что у женщин, куривших во время беременности или прекративших курение до первой антенатальной явки, масса плаценты и её соотношение с массой тела новорождённого была выше. При этом у продолжающих курить наблюдали дозозависимый эффект. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что не только отказ от курения, но и уменьшение количества выкуриваемых сигарет в день может снизить риски неблагоприятных событий для плода. Это подчёркивает потенциал использования данного подхода как мотивационного инструмента для продвижения стратегий первичной профилактики осложнений беременности среди курящих женщин.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。孕期母亲吸烟是不良妊娠结局的重要危险因素，然而，关于吸烟与胎盘形态学特征之间关系的研究仍然有限。</p> <p>目的。本研究旨在探讨母亲孕期吸烟与胎盘重量及胎盘重量与出生体重比值之间的相关性。</p> <p>方法。本研究为回顾性队列研究，数据来源于Murmansk District Birth Registry。纳入对象为妊娠满37周的足月单胎分娩病例。采用多项logistic回归分析评估胎盘重量标准评分 （低、中、高）及胎盘重量与出生体重比值与孕前及孕期吸烟的关联性，包括每日吸烟支数。</p> <p>结果。男婴胎盘平均重量为534.1克，女婴为523.7克。在孕期吸烟者和孕前吸烟者中，胎盘重量标准评分较低的发生概率显著低于从未吸烟的女性。调整后的相对风险比（relative risk ratio, RRR）分别为：孕期吸烟者为0.75（95%置信区间：0.70–0.81），孕前吸烟者为0.86（95%置信区间：0.76–0.97）。与此同时，孕期吸烟者及在首次产前就诊前戒烟的孕妇胎盘重量标准评分较高的发生概率显著更高：调整后RRR为1.35（95%置信区间：1.25–1.45）， 孕前戒烟者为1.21（95%置信区间：1.09–1.36），与从未吸烟者相比。</p> <p>在孕前和孕期吸烟的女性中，胎盘重量与出生体重比值标准评分较低的发生概率低于从不吸烟的女性（孕期吸烟者的调整后相对风险比为0.76（95%置信区间：0.70–0.83）；孕前吸烟者为0.87（95%置信区间：0.77–0.97）），而该比值标准评分较高的发生概率则更高（孕期吸烟者的调整后相对风险比为1.52（95%置信区间：1.43–1.63）；孕前吸烟者为1.18（95%置信区间：1.06–1.31））。此外，研究还发现，孕期每日吸烟支数与胎盘重量及胎盘重量与出生体重比值的标准评分之间呈现负向剂量–反应关系。</p> <p>结论。本研究发现，孕期吸烟者及在首次产前就诊前戒烟的孕妇，其胎盘重量和胎盘重量与出生体重比值较高，其中孕期吸烟者的该关联呈剂量依赖性。这证实了，不仅完全戒烟，减少每日吸烟数量亦可降低胎儿不良结局的风险；该发现可作为促进吸烟孕妇实施妊娠不良结局一级预防策略的重要动机工具。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>placenta</kwd><kwd>birth weight</kwd><kwd>placental-to-birth weight ratio</kwd><kwd>smoking pregnancy</kwd><kwd>birth registry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плацента</kwd><kwd>масса при рождении</kwd><kwd>соотношение массы плаценты и массы при рождении</kwd><kwd>курение во время беременности</kwd><kwd>регистрация рождений</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>胎盘</kwd><kwd>出生体重</kwd><kwd>胎盘与出生体重比</kwd><kwd>吸烟怀孕</kwd><kwd>出生登记</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Shiverick KT, Salafia C. 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