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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">689925</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco689925</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YHIKSK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Strength of influence and hierarchical distribution of risk factors for socially substantial infections within the public health preservation system (using tuberculosis as an example)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сила влияния и иерархическая структура факторов риска социально значимых инфекций в системе сбережения общественного здоровья (на примере туберкулёза)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>公共健康保护视角下结核病等社会重大感染病风险因素的影响力与层级结构</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9833-5700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5389-1084</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobesov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобесов</surname><given-names>Николай Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kobesov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>kobesovn@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-5400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9897-9186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagdyn</surname><given-names>Z. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загдын</surname><given-names>Зинаида Моисеевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zagdyn</surname><given-names>Z. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Моисеевна, д-р мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>dinmetyan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North Ossetia-Alania Republican Clinical Center of Phthisiopulmonology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский клинический центр фтизиопульмонологии</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный научно-исследовательский институт общественного здоровья им. Н.А. Семашко</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Экология человека</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="zh">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</issue-title><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-27"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-10"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/689925">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/689925</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Despite the continued relevance of socially substantial infections, including tuberculosis, their public health aspects remain insufficiently studied, particularly with regard to the strength of influence and hierarchical distribution of associated risk factors within the health preservation system.</p> <p><bold>AIM:<italic> </italic></bold>The work aimed to assess the influence of key risk factors on the spread of tuberculosis and to establish their hierarchical distribution within the health preservation system of a single region.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> An ecological study covering the period from 2010 to 2024 examined the influence of 70 risk factors on tuberculosis incidence in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Twelve factors with zero coefficients or lacking logical interpretability were excluded from the analysis. The assessed risk factor groups included macroeconomic, sociodemographic, medical and organizational, medical and biological, epidemiological, and environmental factors. The hierarchical distribution of tuberculosis risk factors was determined at the population, group, and individual levels of the health preservation system. Data were obtained from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat). Cross-correlation analysis was performed using Pearson’s method with min–max normalization and transformation of data into stationary series. Normality of variable distributions was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk W test, and homogeneity of variances using Bartlett’s test in the R statistical environment. Correlation significance was evaluated using p values and 95.0% confidence intervals for the correlation coefficient (r): values ≤0.39 were considered weak; 0.40–0.59, moderate; 0.60–0.79, strong; and 0.80–1.00, very strong.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:<italic> </italic></bold>In the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, the hierarchical distribution of public health demonstrated that tuberculosis incidence was predominantly influenced by group-level risk factors, particularly economic factors related to treatment expenditures (<italic>r</italic> = −0.89), social factors associated with migrant population size (<italic>r</italic>= 0.75) and disability among women (<italic>r</italic>= 0.72), medical and organizational factors related to healthcare provision in rural areas, and demographic factors. At the population level, key determinants of tuberculosis spread included social factors such as marriage rates (<italic>r</italic> = −0.89) and divorce rates (<italic>r</italic> = 0.56), as well as an environmental factor reflecting hydrocarbon concentrations in ambient air (<italic>r</italic> = 0.78). Economic factors (gross regional product per capita; <italic>r</italic> = −0.68) and epidemiological factors (BCG vaccination coverage among children; <italic>r</italic> = −0.65) also exerted a strong influence on tuberculosis incidence at the population level. Individual-level factors did not demonstrate a significant impact on tuberculosis spread (tuberculosis contacts; <italic>r</italic> = 0.39; <italic>p</italic> &gt; 0.193; medical and biological factors).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The predominance of group-level risk factors in influencing tuberculosis spread within the hierarchical health preservation system of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania underscores the need to concentrate tuberculosis control resources on specific population groups, alongside improving socioeconomic living conditions at the population level.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> При сохранении актуальности социально значимых инфекций, включая туберкулёз, недостаточно изучены их проблемы в аспекте общественного здоровья, особенно сила влияния и иерархическая структура их факторов риска в системе здоровьсебережения.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Оценка силы влияния ключевых факторов риска на распространение туберкулёза и установление их иерархической структуры в системе здоровьесбережения одного региона.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В экологическом исследовании за 2010–2024 гг. изучено влияние на заболеваемость туберкулёзом в Республике Северная Осетия-Алания 70 факторов риска, из которых исключены 12, имеющих нулевые или не подлежащие логической интерпретации коэффициенты. Оценивали макроэкономические, социально-демографические, медико-организационные, медико-биологические, эпидемиологические, экологические группы факторов. Иерархическая структура факторов риска туберкулёза определялась на популяционном, групповом и индивидуальном уровнях системы здоровьесбережения. Анализируемые сведения получены из Росстата. Применён кросс-корреляционный анализ методом Пирсона с min–max нормализацией и преобразованием данных в стационарные. Нормальность распределения переменных анализировали по W-критерию Шапиро–Уилка, а гомогенность дисперсий — по Бартлетту в программной среде R. Значимость корреляции оценивали по <italic>p</italic>-value и 95,0% доверительному интервалу коэффициента корреляции r: при 0,39 и ниже связь считалась слабой; при 0,40–0,59 — умеренной; при 0,60–0,79 — сильной; при 0,80–1,00 — очень сильной.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>В Республике Северная Осетия-Алания по иерархической структуре общественного здоровья на заболеваемость туберкулёзом преимущественно влияли факторы риска группового уровня, особенно экономические, связанные с затратами на его лечение (<italic>r</italic>=−0,89), социальные, обусловленные численностью мигрантов (<italic>r</italic>=0,75) и инвалидностью среди женщин (<italic>r</italic>=0,72), медико-организационные, связанные с системой здравоохранения в сельской местности, и демографические причины. На популяционном уровне ключевыми причинами, влияющими на распространение туберкулёза в регионе, стали социальные факторы — частота бракосочетаний (<italic>r</italic>=−0,89) и разводов (<italic>r</italic>=0,56), а также экологический фактор по содержанию углеводородов в атмосферном воздухе (<italic>r</italic>=0,78). Экономический (объём валового регионального продукта на душу населения; <italic>r</italic>=−0,68) и эпидемиологический (вакцинация БЦЖ детей; <italic>r</italic>=−0,65) факторы также имели сильное влияние на заболеваемость туберкулёзом в республике на популяционном уровне. Факторы индивидуального уровня не оказывали значимого влияния на распространение туберкулёза (тубконтакты; <italic>r</italic>=0,39; <italic>p</italic>&gt;0,193; медико-биологические причины).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Преобладающее влияние факторов риска на распространение туберкулёза на групповом уровне иерархической системы здоровьесбережения в Республике Северная Осетия-Алания определяет необходимость концентрации ресурсов по борьбе с данным заболеванием среди отдельных групп населения с улучшением социально-экономических показателей уровня жизни в регионе на популяционном уровне.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p/></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>socially substantial infections</kwd><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>population-level, group-level, and individual-level</kwd><kwd>public health</kwd><kwd>health preservation system</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социально значимые инфекции</kwd><kwd>туберкулёз</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>популяционный, групповой, индивидуальный уровни</kwd><kwd>общественное здоровье</kwd><kwd>система здоровьесбережения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>社会重要感染</kwd><kwd>结核病</kwd><kwd>风险因素</kwd><kwd>群体、个体、人口水平</kwd><kwd>公共健康</kwd><kwd>健康保护系统。</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Vasilieva TP, Larionov AV, Russkikh SV, et al. 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