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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693896</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco693896</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HTRHNK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Health risk assessment associated with indoor air pollution by metals and metalloids in PM2.5: a cross-sectional study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка рисков для здоровья населения, связанных с загрязнением воздуха в помещениях металлами и металлоидами в составе РМ<sub>2,5</sub>, на основе одномоментного исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>基于横断面研究的室内空气中PM2,5所含金属和类金属对人群健康风险的评估</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0862-710X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3000-8535</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krupnova</surname><given-names>Tatyana G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крупнова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Георгиевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Krupnova</surname><given-names>Tatyana G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>krupnovatg@susu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5788-5933</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6508-1984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ракова</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Rakova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><email>rakovaov@susu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9892-226X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4626-8291</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilkina</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилкина</surname><given-names>Светлана Викторовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Gavrilkina</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Geology and Mineralogy)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. геол.-минерал. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Geology and Mineralogy)</p></bio><email>gidrosv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">South Ural State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Южно-Уральский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">South Ural State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">South Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Южно-Уральский федеральный научный центр минералогии и геоэкологии Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">South Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>11</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>811</fpage><lpage>821</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-21"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/693896">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/693896</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter &lt;2.5 μm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) is among the most hazardous atmospheric pollutants for human health. In Russia, no prior studies have assessed population health risks associated with indoor air contamination by PM<sub>2.5</sub> containing potentially toxic metals and metalloids.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>This work aimed to examine indoor air PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, investigate the content of metals and metalloids within PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and assess the associated inhalation health risks in Chelyabinsk.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Samples were collected in university classrooms (<italic>n</italic> = 3), laboratories (<italic>n</italic> = 3), dormitory rooms (<italic>n</italic> = 4), and residential apartments (<italic>n</italic> = 14) in Chelyabinsk during seasons of low PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution (November–March) and high pollution (April–October) in 2024–2025. PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were obtained using cascade impactors on polycarbonate filters. Air PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were calculated from the mass increment of filters relative to the volume of sampled air. Concentrations of metals and metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These data were used to calculate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No statistically significant differences were observed between the indoor environments during either the low-pollution (<italic>p</italic> = 0.287) or high-pollution (<italic>p</italic> = 0.966) season. However, concentrations differed significantly between the two seasons (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). In the low-pollution season, PM<sub>2.5</sub> levels ranged 5–31 μg/m<sup>3</sup> (median, 16 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). In the high-pollution season, PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations ranged 13–59 μg/m<sup>3</sup> (median, 32 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). Non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that respiratory effects (HI<sub>resp</sub>) exceeded neurological effects (HI<sub>neuro</sub>). In adults, non-carcinogenic risk was minimal or within acceptable ranges; in children, depending on exposure scenario, risks ranged from high (HI<sub>resp</sub> = 6.42) and moderate (HI<sub>resp</sub> 3.10–3.75; HI<sub>neuro</sub> 3.17–5.19) to acceptable. Carcinogenic risks for both adults and children across exposure scenarios remained within acceptable limits (total risk, 5.71 × 10<sup>–6</sup> to 4.66 × 10<sup>–5</sup>).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The identified high and moderate levels of non-carcinogenic health risk for children necessitate the development of targeted intervention measures.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Мелкодисперсные взвешенные частицы с аэродинамическим диаметром менее 2,5 мкм (РМ<sub>2,5</sub>) являются одними из наиболее опасных для здоровья человека загрязнителей атмосферного воздуха. Оценка рисков для здоровья населения, обусловленных загрязнением воздуха в помещениях частицами РМ<sub>2,5</sub>, содержащими потенциально токсичные металлы и металлоиды, в России ранее не проводилась.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Изучить содержание РМ<sub>2,5</sub> в воздухе помещений, исследовать содержание металлов и металлоидов в составе РМ<sub>2,5</sub> и оценить риски для здоровья, обусловленные их ингаляционным воздействием в Челябинске.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Отбор проб осуществляли в аудиториях (<italic>n</italic>=3) и лабораториях (<italic>n</italic>=3) университета, комнатах общежития (<italic>n</italic>=4), а также в квартирах (<italic>n</italic>=14) на территории Челябинска в течение сезонов низкого загрязнения воздуха РМ<sub>2,5</sub> (с ноября по март) и высокого загрязнения (с апреля по октябрь) в 2024–2025 гг. Пробы РМ<sub>2,5</sub> отбирали с помощью каскадных импакторов на поликарбонатные фильтры. Концентрацию РМ<sub>2,5</sub> в воздухе определяли путём деления прироста массы фильтра на объём прокачанного через пробоотборник воздуха. Концентрацию металлов и металлоидов (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) определяли на масс-спектрометре с индуктивно связанной плазмой. Полученные результаты использовали для расчёта канцерогенного и неканцерогенного рисков.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Различия между группами помещений были статистически незначимы как для сезона низких загрязнений (<italic>p=</italic>0,287), так и высоких (<italic>p</italic>=0,966), тогда как концентрации во время низкого и высокого сезонов загрязнений отличались на статистически значимом уровне (<italic>р</italic> &lt;0,001). Концентрации РМ<sub>2,5</sub> в сезон низких загрязнений были заключены в интервале 5–31 мкг/м<sup>3</sup>, медиана — 16 мкг/м<sup>3</sup>. В сезон высоких загрязнений концентрации РМ<sub>2,5</sub> были в интервале 13–59 мкг/м<sup>3</sup>, медиана — 32 мкг/м<sup>3</sup>. Оценка неканцерогенного риска показала, что воздействие на органы дыхания (HI<sub>ОД</sub>) было сильнее, чем на нервную систему (HI<sub>НС</sub>). Уровень неканцерогенного риска для взрослых был минимальным или оставался на допустимом уровне, а неканцерогенный риск для детей в зависимости от варианта экспозиции изменялся от высокого (HI<sub>ОД</sub>=6,42) и настораживающего (HI<sub>ОД</sub> — от 3,10 до 3,75; HI<sub>НС</sub> — от 3,17 до 5,19) до допустимого. Канцерогенные риски для взрослых и детей при различных вариантах экспозиции были на допустимом уровне (общий риск — от 5,71×10<sup>–6 </sup>до 4,66 ×10<sup>–5</sup>).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Обнаруженные высокий и настораживающий уровни неканцерогенного риска для здоровья детей требуют разработки специальных мероприятий.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。气动学当量直径小于2.5 μm的细颗粒物（PM<sub>2,5</sub>）是对人体健康危害最显著的大气污染物之一。此前在俄罗斯尚未开展针对室内空气中含潜在毒性金属和类金属的PM<sub>2,5</sub>对健康风险的研究。</p> <p>目的。研究室内空气中PM<sub>2,5</sub>的含量，分析PM<sub>2,5</sub>中金属和类金属的组成，并评估其在Chelyabinsk吸入暴露所致的健康风险。</p> <p>方法。在2024–2025年期间于Chelyabinsk的大学教室（n=3）、实验室（n=3）、宿舍房间（n=4）及居民公寓（n=14）采集室内空气样品，覆盖PM2,5低污染季节（11月—次年3月）和高污染季节（4–10月）。采用级联撞击器在聚碳酸酯滤膜上收集PM<sub>2,5</sub>。PM<sub>2,5</sub>浓度通过将滤膜的质量增量除以通过采样器的空气体积来确定。金属和类金属（Al、As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn）浓度采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定。依据所得数据计算致癌性与非致癌性风险。</p> <p>结果。各类室内场所之间浓度的差异在低污染季（p=0.287）和高污染季（p=0.966）均无统计学意义；而低污染季与高污染季之间的差异具有统计学意义（p&lt;0.001）。低污染季PM<sub>2,5</sub>浓度为5–31 μg/m<sup>3</sup>，中位数16 μg/m<sup>3</sup>。高污染季PM2,5浓度为13–59 μg/m<sup>3</sup>，中位数为 32 μg/m<sup>3</sup>。非致癌风险评估显示，呼吸系统（HIresp）受影响程度高于神经系统（HI<sub>neuro</sub>）。 成年人非致癌风险处于最低或可接受水平；儿童的非致癌风险在不同暴露情境下呈现从高水平（HI<sub>resp</sub>=6.42）和中等水平（HI<sub>resp</sub> 3.10–3.75；HI<sub>neuro</sub> 3.17–5.19）到可接受不等。不同暴露情境下，成年人和儿童的致癌风险均处于可接受范围（总体风险为5.71×10<sup>–</sup><sup>6</sup> 至4.66×10<sup>–</sup><sup>5</sup>）。</p> <p>结论。儿童所呈现的高水平和中等水平的非致癌健康风险要求制定专门的干预措施。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>health</kwd><kwd>carcinogenic risk</kwd><kwd>non-carcinogenic risk</kwd><kwd>PM2.5</kwd><kwd>metals</kwd><kwd>metalloids</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>здоровье</kwd><kwd>канцерогенный риск</kwd><kwd>неканцерогенный риск</kwd><kwd>РМ2,5</kwd><kwd>металлы и металлоиды</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>健康</kwd><kwd>致癌风险</kwd><kwd>非致癌风险</kwd><kwd>PM2,5</kwd><kwd>金属和类金属</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-27-00030</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Vahlsing C, Smith KR. 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