<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694108</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco694108</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WSICMA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern concepts of pulmonary function in cross-country skiers: bronchoconstriction, seasonality, and performance</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные представления о функции внешнего дыхания лыжников-гонщиков: бронхоконстрикция, сезон и работоспособность</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>现代视角下越野滑雪运动员外呼吸功能： 支气管收缩、季节与运动能力</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8376-7570</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4473-8093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Veselik</surname><given-names>Alla K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веселик</surname><given-names>Алла Константиновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Veselik</surname><given-names>Alla K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>veselik.ak@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1444-4684</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6023-5441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Varlamova</surname><given-names>Nina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варламова</surname><given-names>Нина Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Varlamova</surname><given-names>Nina G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><email>nivarlam@physiol.komisc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8027-898X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5402-8176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bojko</surname><given-names>Evgeny R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойко</surname><given-names>Евгений Рафаилович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bojko</surname><given-names>Evgeny R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>boiko60@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Physiology of the Federal Center of Research the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физиологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения Российской академии наук Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения науки Федерального исследовательского центра «Коми научный центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Institute of Physiology of the Federal Center of Research the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>12</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>838</fpage><lpage>852</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-05"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/694108">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/694108</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review systematizes current knowledge on adaptation and maladaptation of pulmonary function and ventilation during physical exertion in cross-country skiers as endurance athletes. Recently, studies have pointed to a possible limiting role of the respiratory system in athletes’ physical performance and competitive outcomes; however, these studies remain scarce and at times contradictory. The review addresses both well-known changes, such as exercise-induced airway bronchoconstriction, and less-studied phenomena, including seasonal variability of pulmonary function in cross-country skiers. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is shown to be a common feature among professional skiers training in dry, cold climates and to occur in two distinct forms: asthmatic and non-asthmatic. At the same time, there is a lack of studies elucidating the impact of bronchoconstriction on the endurance of athletes. Changes in breathing reserve during exercise in skiers may serve as a valuable indicator of respiratory system maladaptation and adaptation to athletic training. The presence of confirmed annual variability in pulmonary function parameters should be taken into account when conducting studies and interpreting spirometric results. This review presents the first attempt at a comprehensive conceptualization of respiratory mechanisms limiting physical performance in athletes. Key factors restricting oxygen uptake during exercise in cross-country skiers include fatigue of respiratory and locomotor muscles, hypoxemia, and expiratory flow limitation. These findings are essential for developing more effective strategies to prevent pulmonary dysfunction and to maintain high levels of athletic performance.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор систематизирует современные знания об адаптации и дезадаптации системы внешнего дыхания и вентиляции во время физической нагрузки у лыжников-гонщиков как представителей спортсменов, тренирующих выносливость. В последнее время исследователи заявляют о возможной лимитирующей роли системы внешнего дыхания для физической работоспособности и результативности спортсменов, однако эти работы остаются малочисленными и иногда противоречивыми. Обзор охватывает как общеизвестные изменения в виде бронхоконстрикции дыхательных путей, индуцированных физической нагрузкой, так и менее известные феномены, такие как сезонная динамика функции внешнего дыхания лыжников-гонщиков. Показано, что бронхоконстрикция, индуцированная физической нагрузкой, является часто встречающейся особенностью профессиональных лыжников, тренирующихся в сухом холодном климате, она имеет две различные формы: астматическую и не астматическую. При этом недостаточно исследований, раскрывающих влияние бронхоконстрикции на выносливость спортсменов. Динамическое изменение резерва дыхания при физической нагрузке у лыжников может служить ценным показателем дезадаптации и адаптации системы дыхания к спортивной деятельности. А наличие подтверждённой годовой динамики показателей функции внешнего дыхания следует учитывать при проведении исследований и интерпретации результатов спирометрии. В обзоре впервые предпринята попытка комплексного осмысления механизмов ограничения физической работоспособности спортсменов со стороны системы внешнего дыхания. К ключевым факторам, лимитирующим потребление кислорода при физической нагрузке у лыжников-гонщиков, отнесены утомление дыхательных и локомоторных мышц, развитие гипоксемии, ограничение потока выдоха. Эти данные необходимы для разработки более эффективных стратегий профилактики нарушений функции лёгких для поддержания физической работоспособности спортсменов на высоком уровне.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>本综述系统梳理了关于作为耐力型运动员代表的越野滑雪运动员在体力负荷过程中外呼吸与通气系统适应与失适应的现有研究。近年来，有研究指出外呼吸系统可能在一定程度上限制运动员的体能水平和竞技表现，但相关研究数量仍然有限，且部分结果存在不一致性。综述既涵盖了较为公认的变化，如体力负荷诱发的气道支气管收缩，也涉及认识相对不足的现象，例如越野滑雪运动员外呼吸功能的季节性动态变化。研究显示，在干燥寒冷气候条件下训练的职业越野滑雪运动员中，体力负荷诱发的支气管收缩较为常见，其可表现为两种形式：哮喘型和非哮喘型。同时，揭示支气管收缩对运动员耐力水平影响的研究仍然不足。越野滑雪运动员在体力负荷条件下呼吸储备的动态变化可作为反映呼吸系统对训练适应或失适应状态的有价值指标。此外，已证实外呼吸功能指标存在年度动态变化，在研究开展及肺活量测定结果的解读中应予以考虑。本综述首次尝试对外呼吸系统限制运动员体能的潜在机制进行综合分析。被认为在体力负荷过程中限制越野滑雪运动员氧摄取的关键因素包括：呼吸肌与运动肌群的疲劳、低氧血症的发生以及呼气气流受限。这些数据对于制定更有效的肺功能障碍预防策略、以维持运动员较高水平的体能状态具有重要意义。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pulmonary function</kwd><kwd>cross-country skiers</kwd><kwd>athletes</kwd><kwd>annual cycle</kwd><kwd>breathing reserve</kwd><kwd>bronchospasm</kwd><kwd>bronchoconstriction</kwd><kwd>physical performance</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>функция внешнего дыхания</kwd><kwd>лыжники-гонщики</kwd><kwd>спортсмены</kwd><kwd>годовой цикл</kwd><kwd>дыхательный резерв</kwd><kwd>бронхоспазм</kwd><kwd>бронхоконстрикция</kwd><kwd>физическая работоспособность</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>外呼吸功能</kwd><kwd>越野滑雪运动员</kwd><kwd>运动员</kwd><kwd>年周期</kwd><kwd>呼吸储备</kwd><kwd>支气管痉挛</kwd><kwd>支气管收缩</kwd><kwd>运动能力</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>1021051201877-3</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lazovic B, Mazic S, Suzic-Lazic J, et al. Respiratory adaptations in different types of sport. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(12):2269–2274.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Durmic T, Lazovic Popovic B, Zlatkovic Svenda M, et al. The training type influence on male elite athletes' ventilatory function. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2017;3(1):e000240. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000240</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bernhardsen GP, Stang J, Halvorsen T, Stensrud T. Differences in lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory health between elite athletes competing in different sports. Eur J Sport Sci. 2023;23(8):1480–1489. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2113144</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Rubini A, Rizzato A, Fava S, et al. Spirometry improvement after muscular exercise in elite swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017;57(12):1676–1679. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06780-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Tsvetkova-Gaberska M, Kozhuharov M, Ganeva M, et al. The effect of respiratory muscle training on young track-and-field athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2023;23(3):730–737. doi: 10.7752/jpes.2023.03090</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Xavier DM, Miranda JP, Figueiredo PHS, Lima VP. The effectiveness of respiratory muscular training in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2025;42:777–792. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2025.01.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Couto M, Kurowski M, Moreira A, et al. Mechanisms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes: Current perspectives and future challenges. Allergy. 2018;73(1):8–16. doi: 10.1111/all.13224</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Pigakis KM, Stavrou VT, Pantazopoulos I, et al. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in elite athletes. Cureus. 2022;14(1):e20898. doi: 10.7759/cureus.20898</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ora J, De Marco P, Gabriele M, et al. Exercise-induced asthma: managing respiratory issues in athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2024;9(1):15. doi: 10.3390/jfmk9010015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Couto M, Stang J, Horta L, et al. Two distinct phenotypes of asthma in elite athletes identified by latent class analysis. J Asthma. 2015;52(9):897–904. doi: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1067321</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Price OJ, Hull JH, Backer V, et al. The impact of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction on athletic performance: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2014;44(12):1749–1761. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0238-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Varlamova NG, Boiko ER. Volumetric characteristics of the external respiration function in ski racers in the annual cycle. Tomsk State University Journal of Biology. 2021;(55):77–96. doi: 10.17223/19988591/55/5 EDN: XEKNFV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gudkov AB, Popova ON, Efimova NV, et al. Seasonal functional organization of the external respiration system in young people in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2023;11(3):367–372. doi: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z157 EDN: LRFCSE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Durmic T, Lazovic B, Djelic M, et al. Sport-specific influences on respiratory patterns in elite athletes. J Bras Pneumol. 2015;41(6):516–522. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37562015000000050</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Chernyak AV, Neklyudova GV, Naumenko ZhK, Pashkova TL. Lung function in athletes involved in skiing and speed skating. Pulmonologiya. 2019;29(1):62–69. doi: 10.18093/0869-0189-2019-29-1-62-69 EDN: XKSYLG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324–1343. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00080312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Thomsen RS, Rasmussen RS, Madsen AC, et al. Standardised lung function metrics in healthy athletes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2025;85(1):20–27. doi: 10.1080/00365513.2025.2456947</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Schoene RB, Giboney K, Schimmel C, et al. Spirometry and airway reactivity in elite track and field athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 1997;7(4):257–261. doi: 10.1097/00042752-199710000-00003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Nifontova OL, Setyaeva NN, Konkov VZ, Konkova KS. Functional capabilities of respiratory system of the sportsmen who are domiciled in the North. Bulletin of the Medical Institute 'REAVIZ: Rehabilitation, Doctor, and Health'. 2015;(4):75–78. EDN: VJIGKZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Hackett DA. Lung function and respiratory muscle adaptations of endurance- and strength-trained males. Sports (Basel). 2020;8(12): 160. doi: 10.3390/sports8120160</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Segizbaeva MO, Aleksandrova NP. Adaptive changes of the ventilatory function in athletes with different training type. Hum Physiol. 2021;47(5):551–557. doi: 10.1134/S0362119721050108</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Ozmen T, Gunes GY, Ucar I, et al. Effect of respiratory muscle training on pulmonary function and aerobic endurance in soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017;57(5):507–513. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06283-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Peters CM, Dempsey JA, Hopkins SR, Sheel AW. Is the lung built for exercise? Advances and unresolved questions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023;55(12):2143–2159. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003255</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Komici K, D'Amico F, Verderosa S, et al. Impact of body composition parameters on lung function in athletes. Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3844. doi: 10.3390/nu14183844</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Varlamova NG, Parshukova OI, Kudinova AK, Boyko ER. Dynamic characteristics of external respiration function in cross-country skiers in the annual cycle. Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2023;11(1):5–13. doi: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z124 EDN: XILQPA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kim TH, Han JK, Lee JY, Choi YC. The effect of polarized training on the athletic performance of male and female cross-country skiers during the general preparation period. Healthcare. 2021;9(7):851. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9070851</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Talaminos Barroso A, Márquez Martín E, Roa Romero LM, Ortega Ruiz F. Factors affecting lung function: a review of the literature. Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed). 2018;54(6):327–332. doi: 10.1016/j.arbres.2018.01.030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Kocahan T, Akinoğlu B, Hasanoğlu A. Effect of intestinal parasites on anaerobic performance and muscle strength in athletes. Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences. 2019;27(1):17–24. doi: 10.5505/ias.2019.89847</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Rutkovskiy AV, Koinosov AP, Durygina GG. Dynamics of spirometry indicators and maximum oxygen consumption in athletes of cyclical winter sports in the natural climatic conditions of the Middle Ob region. The Scientific and Practical Journal of Medicine. 2019;(3):66–71. doi: 10.25017/2306-1367-21-3-66-71 EDN: FXBOIY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Hancox RJ, Rasmussen F. Does physical fitness enhance lung function in children and young adults? Eur Respir J. 2018;51(2):1701374. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01374-2017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Agusti A, Faner R. Lung function trajectories in health and disease. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(4):358–364. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30529-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Lutfi MF. The physiological basis and clinical significance of lung volume measurements. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2017;12:3. doi: 10.1186/s40248-017-0084-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Ebert LA, Sashenkov SL, Kolupaev VA. Dynamics of indicators of respiratory and circulatory systems in athletes with anaerobic and aerobic orientation of the training process by seasons. Proceedings of the Chelyabinsk Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2005;(2):139–144. (In Russ.) EDN: HRUKDR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Kippelen P, Caillaud C, Robert E, et al. Effect of endurance training on lung function: a one year study. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(9):617–621. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.014464</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Gudkov AB, Manuilov IV, Torshin VI, et al. Seasonal changes of external respiratory parameters in skiers of mass categories in the conditions of Russian North. Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2016;23(7):31–36. doi: 10.33396/1728-0869-2016-7-31-36 EDN: WGNCFB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Kennedy MD, Davidson WJ, Wong LE, et al. Airway inflammation, cough and athlete quality of life in elite female cross-country skiers: A longitudinal study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016;26(7):835–842. doi: 10.1111/sms.12527</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Varlamova NG, Boyko ER. Features of external breathing function among the northerners in the annual cycle. Marine Medicine. 2017;3(3):43–49. doi: 10.22328/2413-5747-2017-3-3-43-49 EDN: ZMNTJL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Degteva GN. Erythron condition in inhabitants of Northern territories. Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2004;(6):53–57. EDN: HRTLOV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Velichkovsky BT. Causes and mechanisms of decreased oxygen utilization coefficient in human lungs in the extreme North. Biosfera. 2009;1(2):213–217. EDN: QZOGHL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Solonin YuG, Boyko ER. Medical and physiological aspects of vital activity in the Arctic. Arctic: Ecology and Economy. 2015;(1):70–75. EDN: TUUTMT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Nagibovich OA, Ukhovsky DM, Zhekalov AN, et al. Mechanisms of hypoxia in Arctic zone of Russian Federation. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2016;(2):202–205. EDN: WDCIQD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Nagornev SN, Bobrovnitsky IP, Yudin SM, et al. Mechanisms of adverse effects natural and geographical factors of the arctic zone on human health: metabolic and pathophysiological aspects. Russian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2019;(2):4–30. EDN: UQFTZN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Popova ON, GudkovАB. Morphofunctional features of northerners respiratory system. Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2009;(2):53–58. EDN: GLSRZR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Stepanov AS, Koinosov AP. Physiological changes in the external respiratory system and oxygen-transportation functions of athletes’s blood in the North conditions. Literature review. The Scientific and Practical Journal of Medicine. 2021;(2):25–31. doi: 10.25017/2306-1367-2021-28-2-25-31 EDN: PJLEDD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Popova ОN, Glebova NA, Gudkov АB. Compensatory-adaptive change of external respiration system in Far North residents. Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2008;(10):31–33. EDN: JUREFJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Tarakanova TA, Averyanova IV, Vdovenko SI. Features of external respiration and thermal profile of Magadan cross-country skiers. Human. Sport. Medicine. 2022;22(S2):14–21. doi: 10.14529/hsm22s202 EDN: KOCTNI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Lutsenko MT, Pirogov AB. Chronic respirato dieases in conditions of North Russia. Fundamental Research. 2012;(4-1):74–79. EDN: PAZFNV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Kennedy MD, Lenz E, Niedermeier M, Faulhaber M. Are respiratory responses to cold air exercise different in females compared to males? implications for exercise in cold air environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6662. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186662</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Varlamova NG, Rogachevskaya OV, Bojko ER. External respiratory function in youth and girls in heat and cold. Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;(2):50–54. EDN: SIRTPR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Kim LB. Influence of polar time record on the oxygen transportation function of blood of northerners of various age. Arctic and North. 2014;(17):150–162. EDN: TCRGSR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Maximov AL, Golubev VN, Nosov VN. Approaches to assessment of the regional norm of response and adaptation of human physiological systems in the North. Vestnik of the Far East branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2007;(6):56–64. EDN: IYPZDT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Shishkin GS, Ustuzaninova NV. Respiration at low temperatures conditions. Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration. 2013;(50):9–15. EDN: RPTHCJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Maximov AL, Vdovenko SI. Lung function state in the service age male residents of Anadyr and Magadan cities. Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration. 2016;(60):39–44. doi: 10.12737/20051 EDN: WDMVUL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Averyanova IV, Vdovenko SI. The dynamics of gas analysis parameters in young males of the Magadan region from different generations of caucasian migrants and adaptants. Zhurnal evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii. 2019;55(6):407–413. doi: 10.1134/S004445291904003X EDN: NJYBGX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Van Meerbeke SW, McCarty M, Petrov AA, Schonffeldt-Guerrero P. The Impact of climate, aeroallergens, pollution, and altitude on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2025;45(1):77–88. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2024.09.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Dominelli PB, Sheel AW. The pulmonary physiology of exercise. Adv Physiol Educ. 2024;48(2):238–251. doi: 10.1152/advan.00067.2023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Sue-Chu M. Winter sports athletes: long-term effects of cold air exposure. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(6):397–401. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090822</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Selge C, Thomas S, Nowak D, et al. Asthma prevalence in German Olympic athletes: A comparison of winter and summer sport disciplines. Respir Med. 2016;118:15–21. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.07.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Price OJ, Sewry N, Schwellnus M, et al. Prevalence of lower airway dysfunction in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’. Br J Sports Med. 2022;56:213–222. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104601</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Turmel J, Poirier P, Bougault V, et al. Cardiorespiratory screening in elite endurance sports athletes: the Quebec study. Phys Sportsmed. 2012;40(3):55–65. doi: 10.3810/psm.2012.09.1982</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Weiler JM, Brannan JD, Randolph CC, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction update-2016. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(5): 1292–1295.e36. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Zeiger JS, Weiler JM. Special considerations and perspectives for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in olympic and other elite athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2194–2201. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.01.041</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(9):1016–1027. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201303-0437ST</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Klain A, Giovannini M, Pecoraro L, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, allergy and sports in children. Ital J Pediatr. 2024;50(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s13052-024-01594-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson SD, Kippelen P. Stimulus and mechanisms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Breathe. 2010;7(1):25–33. doi: 10.1183/18106838.0701.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Stang J, Stensrud T, Mowinckel P, Carlsen KH. Parasympathetic activity and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(11):2100–2107. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Chernyak AV, Chernyak MV. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in athletes. Practical Pulmonology. 2018;(2):8–15. EDN: YLAHGH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Weiss P, Rundell KW. Imitators of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2009;5(1):7. doi: 10.1186/1710-1492-5-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Bussotti M, Di Marco S, Marchese G. Respiratory disorders in endurance athletes — how much do they really have to endure? Open Access J Sports Med. 2014;5:47–63. doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S57828</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Atchley TJ, Smith DM. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite or endurance athletes: Pathogenesis and diagnostic considerations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;125(1):47–54. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Fitch KD. An overview of asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness in Olympic athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(6):413–416. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090814</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Karjalainen EM, Laitinen A, Sue-Chu M, et al. Evidence of airway inflammation and remodeling in ski athletes with and without bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(6):2086–2091. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.6.9907025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Helenius I, Rytilä P, Sarna S, et al. Effect of continuing or finishing high-level sports on airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and asthma: a 5-year prospective follow-up study of 42 highly trained swimmers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(6):962–968. doi: 10.1067/mai.2002.124769a</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Greiwe J, Cooke A, Nanda A, et al. Work group report: perspectives in diagnosis and management of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2542–2555. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Dickinson J, Gowers W, Sturridge S, et al. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide in the assessment of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: A multicenter retrospective analysis of UK-based athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023;33(7):1221–1230. doi: 10.1111/sms.14367</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Petek BJ, Gustus SK, Wasfy MM. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in athletes: expect the unexpected. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2021;23(7):49. doi: 10.1007/s11936-021-00928-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Stickland MK, Butcher SJ, Marciniuk DD, Bhutani M. Assessing exercise limitation using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Pulm Med. 2012;2012:824091. doi: 10.1155/2012/824091</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>McKenzie DC. Respiratory physiology: adaptations to high-level exercise. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(6):381–384. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090824</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Dempsey JA. Respiratory determinants of exercise limitation: focus on phrenic afferents and the lung vasculature. Clin Chest Med. 2019;40(2):331–342. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2019.02.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Dempsey JA, La Gerche A, Hull JH. Is the healthy respiratory system built just right, overbuilt, or underbuilt to meet the demands imposed by exercise? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2020;129(6):1235–1256. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00444.2020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Mackała K, Kurzaj M, Okrzymowska P, et al. The effect of respiratory muscle training on the pulmonary function, lung ventilation, and endurance performance of young soccer players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):234. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010234</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Guazzi M, Adams V, Conraads V, et al. EACPR/AHA scientific statement. Clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations. Circulation. 2012;126(18):2261–2274. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31826fb946</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Pritchard A, Burns P, Correia J, et al. ARTP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing 2021. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2021;8(1):e001121. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2021-001121</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Fatemi R, Ghanbarzadeh M. Relationship between airway resistance indices and maximal oxygen uptake in young adults. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2009;22(1):29–34. doi: 10.2478/v10078-009-0020-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Rasch-Halvorsen Ø, Hassel E, Langhammer A, et al. The association between dynamic lung volume and peak oxygen uptake in a healthy general population: the HUNT study. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s12890-018-0762-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>McNeill J, Chernofsky A, Nayor M, et al. The association of lung function and pulmonary vasculature volume with cardiorespiratory fitness in the community. Eur Respir J. 2022;60(2):2101821. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01821-2021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Shamsutdinova ME, Miroshnichenko IV. Features of external men respiration parameters with different levels of physical performance and stamina. Vestnik of the Orenburg State University. 2016;(11):75–79. EDN: XUXITV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Mohammadizadeh MA, Ghanbarzadeh M, Habibi A, et al. The effect of high intensity interval exercise in high/low temperatures on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in trained adolescent males. Tanaffos. 2013;12(3):29–43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Dominelli PB, Archiza B, Ramsook AH, et al. Effects of respiratory muscle work on respiratory and locomotor blood flow during exercise. Exp Physiol. 2017;102(11):1535–1547. doi: 10.1113/EP086566</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Wüthrich TU, Notter DA, Spengler CM. Effect of inspiratory muscle fatigue on exercise performance taking into account the fatigue-induced excess respiratory drive. Exp Physiol. 2013;98(12):1705–1717. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.073635</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Amann M, Dempsey JA. Locomotor muscle fatigue modifies central motor drive in healthy humans and imposes a limitation to exercise performance. J Physiol. 2008;586(1):161–173. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141838</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Witt JD, Guenette JA, Rupert JL, et al. Inspiratory muscle training attenuates the human respiratory muscle metaboreflex. J Physiol. 2007;584(Pt 3):1019–1028. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.140855</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Oueslati F, Berriri A, Boone J, Ahmaidi S. Respiratory muscle strength is decreased after maximal incremental exercise in trained runners and cyclists. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2018;248:25–30. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.11.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Deliceoglu G, Kabak B, Çakır VO, et al. Respiratory muscle strength as a predictor of VO2max and aerobic endurance in competitive athletes. Appl Sci. 2024;14(19):8976. doi: 10.3390/app14198976</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Shei RJ. Recent advancements in our understanding of the ergogenic effect of respiratory muscle training in healthy humans: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 2018;32(9):2665–2676. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002730</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Çelik Z, Güzel NA, Allahverdiyeva S, et al. Effects of simultaneous aerobic and inspiratory muscle training on diaphragm function, respiratory muscle strength, endurance, and fatigue index: randomized-controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2025;125(12):3769–3783. doi: 10.1007/s00421-025-05868-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Klusiewicz A, Starczewski M, Sadowska D, Ładyga M. Effect of high- and low-resistance inspiratory muscle training on physiological response to exercise in cross-country skiers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019;59(7):1156–1161. doi: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09120-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Kowalski T, Granda D, Klusiewicz A. Practical application of respiratory muscle training in endurance sports. Strength &amp; Conditioning Journal. 2024;46(6):686–695. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000842</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Vanyushin YuS, Elistratov DE, Ishmukhametova NF. Functional state of athletes during testing loads. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2020;(1):152–157. doi: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-1-152-157 EDN: GIOAOK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>Kowalski T, Klusiewicz A, Rębiś K, et al. Comparative study of different respiratory muscle training methods: effects on cardiopulmonary indices and athletic performance in elite short-track speedskaters. Life (Basel). 2024;14(9):1159. doi: 10.3390/life14091159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><label>101.</label><mixed-citation>Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Judelson DA, Wilson MH. Bronchoconstriction during cross-country skiing: is there really a refractory period? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(1):18–26. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200301000-00004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><label>102.</label><mixed-citation>Koch S, MacInnis MJ, Sporer BC, et al. Inhaled salbutamol does not affect athletic performance in asthmatic and non-asthmatic cyclists. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(q):51–55. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092706</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><label>103.</label><mixed-citation>Lemminger AK, Jessen S, Habib S, et al. Effect of beta2-adrenergic agonist and resistance training on maximal oxygen uptake and muscle oxidative enzymes in men. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(12):1881–1891. doi: 10.1111/sms.13544</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><label>104.</label><mixed-citation>Jeppesen JS, Jessen S, Thomassen M, et al. Inhaled beta2-agonist, formoterol, enhances intense exercise performance, and sprint ability in elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024;34(1):e14500. doi: 10.1111/sms.14500</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><label>105.</label><mixed-citation>Eckerström F, Rex CE, Maagaard M, et al. Exercise performance after salbutamol inhalation in non-asthmatic, non-athlete individuals: a randomised, controlled, cross-over trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2018;4(1):e000397. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000397</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><label>106.</label><mixed-citation>Jessen S, Lemminger A, Backer V, et al. Inhaled formoterol impairs aerobic exercise capacity in endurance-trained individuals: a randomised controlled trial. ERJ Open Res. 2023;9(2):00643–2022. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00643-2022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><label>107.</label><mixed-citation>Barron A, Francis DP, Mayet J, et al. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope and breathing reserve, not anaerobic threshold, discriminate between patients with cardiovascular disease over chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4(4):252–261. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.11.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><label>108.</label><mixed-citation>Staes M, Gyselinck I, Goetschalckx K, et al. Identifying limitations to exercise with incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing: a scoping review. Eur Respir Rev. 2024;33(173):240010. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0010-2024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><label>109.</label><mixed-citation>Petek BJ, Tso JV, Churchill TW, et al. Normative cardiopulmonary exercise data for endurance athletes: the Cardiopulmonary Health and Endurance Exercise Registry (CHEER). Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29(3):536–544. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab150</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><label>110.</label><mixed-citation>Lopes TR, de Oliveira DM, Amoroso de Lima LA, Silva BM. Breathing variability during running in athletes: The role of sex, exercise intensity and breathing reserve. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2025;331:104350. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104350</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B111"><label>111.</label><mixed-citation>Opina MTD, Brinkley TE, Gordon M, et al. Association of breathing reserve at peak exercise with body composition and physical function in older adults with obesity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(12):1973–1979. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly276</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B112"><label>112.</label><mixed-citation>Shen T, Wang Y, Li J, et al. Predictive threshold value of the breathing reserve for the decline in cardiorespiratory fitness among the healthy middle-aged population. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12(3):85. doi: 10.3390/jcdd12030085</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B113"><label>113.</label><mixed-citation>Milani M, Milani JGPOM, Machado FVC, et al. Revisiting the peak breathing reserve &lt; 15% criterion to indicate ventilatory limitation to treadmill incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing in men and women aged 20 to 80 years. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2024;31(1):zwae175.240. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae175.240 EDN: RJMADO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B114"><label>114.</label><mixed-citation>Pigakis KM, Stavrou VT, Kontopodi AK, et al. Impact of isolated exercise-induced small airway dysfunction on exercise performance in professional male cyclists. Sports (Basel). 2024;12(4):112. doi: 10.3390/sports12040112</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
