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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-0869</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2949-1444</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698455</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/humeco698455</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PBNVSE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Chemical and analytical support for the assessment of internal exposure to toxic elements in biomonitoring studies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Химико-аналитическое обеспечение оценки внутренней экспозиции токсичными элементами при проведении биомониторинговых исследований</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>进行生物监测研究时对有毒元素内暴露评估的化学分析支持</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2344-3037</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7801655383</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1140-1216</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurislamova</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нурисламова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Валентиновна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nurislamova</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. биол. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><email>nurtat@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6514-7239</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57202887519</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5351-7920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedoshitova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недошитова</surname><given-names>Анна Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nedoshitova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nedoshitova@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-7624</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">8612305000</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3823-3178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Veikhman</surname><given-names>Galina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вейхман</surname><given-names>Галина Ахметовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Veikhman</surname><given-names>Galina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharmacy)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. фармацевт. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharmacy)</p></bio><email>veikhman_ga@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5772-2379</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56152547700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2237-1186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stenno</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стенно</surname><given-names>Елена Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Stenno</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stenno@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3787-6746</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8249-6366</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhikh</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухих</surname><given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sukhikh</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>suhih@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-3477</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5707-1250</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>Alena E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Алена Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>Alena E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alena.nikolaeva95@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>140</fpage><lpage>149</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-11"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-24"><day>24</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/698455">https://hum-ecol.ru/1728-0869/article/view/698455</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Biomonitoring studies are essential for identifying exposure to toxic factors at both the occupational level and in relation to environmental impacts on human health. To improve methods for assessing internal exposure to potentially hazardous elements, it became necessary to expand the list of elements determined using the author-developed technique MUK 4.1.3230-14 from 12 to 17 elements in urine by including the potentially toxic elements beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), and antimony (Sb).</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This work aimed to expand the scope of application of MUK 4.1.3230-14 and the working range of determined concentrations of chemical elements in urine to improve approaches to assessing internal exposure to the toxic elements Be, Co, Mo, Sn, and Sb. To achieve this objective, it was necessary to experimentally select measurement conditions using the instrumentation, including selection of an internal standard; optimize sample preparation; establish measurement ranges and calibration relationships for each element; and determine quantitative limits and limits of detection.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The concentrations of Be, Co, Mo, Sn, and Sb in urine were determined using quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Urine samples were directly analyzed after dilution 1:10 (v/v) with a 1% nitric acid solution. Accuracy of the results was confirmed by analysis of certified urine reference materials. Experimental studies confirmed the applicability of these methodological guidelines for measuring mass concentrations of the listed elements in urine with acceptable metrological characteristics.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The concentrations of Be, Co, Mo, Sn, and Sb in urine samples from industrial enterprise employees (<italic>n</italic> = 240; mean age, 43 years) are presented as minimum and maximum values, arithmetic and geometric means, and the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles. The P5–P95 ranges in urine were 0.005–0.013 µg/L for Be, 0.026–1.08 µg/L for Co, 2.840–68.390 µg/L for Mo, 0.154–1.040 µg/L for Sn, and 0.016–0.110 µg/L for Sb.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The results based on the 95th percentile may be used to interpret biomonitoring data related to exposure to potentially hazardous elements under occupational exposure conditions. The 95th percentile values for the study group did not exceed established reference ranges or the results of biomonitoring studies conducted among adult residents of EU countries and the United States.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Биомониторинговые исследования являются необходимыми мерами для выявления воздействия токсичных факторов как на уровне профессиональной деятельности, так и влияния окружающей среды на здоровье человека. С целью совершенствования методов оценки внутренней экспозиции потенциально опасными элементами возникла необходимость расширить перечень определяемых элементов в авторской методике МУК 4.1.3230-14 с 12 до 17 элементов в моче за счёт включения потенциально токсичных — бериллия (Be), кобальта (Co), молибдена (Mo), олова (Sn), сурьмы (Sb).</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Расширение области применения методики МУК 4.1.3230-14 и рабочего диапазона определяемых концентраций химических элементов в моче позволит усовершенствовать методы оценки внутренней экспозиции токсичными элементами Be, Co, Mo, Sn, Sb. Для реализации поставленной задачи необходимо экспериментально подобрать условия измерения на оборудовании, включая выбор внутреннего стандарта, оптимизировать подготовку проб, установить диапазоны измерений, градуировочные зависимости для каждого элемента, количественное определение и предел обнаружения.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Содержание Be, Co, Mo, Sn и Sb в моче определено на квадрупольном масс-спектрометре с индуктивно свя занной плазмой. Образцы мочи напрямую проанализированы после разведения 1/10 (V/V) 1% раствором азотной кислоты. Правильность результатов подтверждена анализом стандартных образцов мочи. Экспериментальными исследованиями подтверждена возможность использования данных методических указаний для измерения в моче массовых концентраций перечисленных элементов с приемлемыми метрологическими характеристиками.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Результаты определения Be, Co, Mo, Sn и Sb в моче сотрудников промышленного предприятия (<italic>n</italic>=240; средний возраст 43 года) представлены в виде минимального и максимального значений, среднего арифметического, среднего геометрического и 5, 50, 95-го процентилей. Диапазон Р5–Р95 в моче для Be составляет 0,005–0,013 мкг/л, для Co — 0,026–1,08 мкг/л, для Mo — 2,840–68,390 мкг/л, для Sn — 0,154–1,040 мкг/л, для Sb — 0,016–0,110 мкг/л.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Результаты исследования на основе 95-го процентиля могут быть использованы при интерпретации данных биомониторинга, связанного с воздействием потенциально опасных элементов в условиях экспозиции. Значения 95-го процентиля для исследуемой группы не превышают известные референтные диапазоны и результаты биомониторинговых исследований для взрослых жителей стран ЕС и США.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证。生物监测研究是识别有毒因素影响的必要措施，无论是在职业活动层面，还是环境对人类健康的影响。为了改进对潜在危险元素内暴露的评估方法，有必要将方法文件 МУК 4.1.3230-14中可检测元素的范围从12种扩大到17种，通过纳入潜在有毒元素：铍 (Be)、钴 (Co)、钼 (Mo)、锡 (Sn)、锑 (Sb)。</p> <p>目的。 扩大 МУК 4.1.3230-14 方法的应用范围及其对尿液中化学元素浓度的测定范围，将有助于改进对有毒元素 Be、Co、Mo、Sn、Sb 内暴露的评估方法。为实现此目标，需要针对所用设备通过实验选择测量条件，包括选择内标，优化样品前处理，确定每种元素的测量范围、校准曲线、定量检测限。 方法。 尿液中 Be、Co、Mo、Sn 和 Sb 的含量通过电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定。尿液样品用 1% 硝酸溶液按 1/10 (V/V) 稀释后直接分析。通过标准尿液样品分析验证结果的准确性。实验研究证实，应用该方法指导测定尿液中上述元素的质量浓度可获得可接受的计量学特性。</p> <p>结果。 某工业企业员工（n=240；平均年龄43岁）尿液中 Be、Co、Mo、Sn 和 Sb 的测定结果以最小值、最大值、算术平均值、几何平均值以及第5、50、95百分位数表示。尿液中 Be 的 P5-P95 范围为 0.005–0.013 µg/L，Co 为 0.026–1.08 µg/L，Mo 为 2.840–68.390 µg/L，Sn 为 0.154–1.040 µg/L，Sb 为 0.016–0.110 µg/L。</p> <p>结论。 基于第95百分位数的研究结果可用于解释与潜在危险元素暴露相关的生物监测数据。研究组的第95百分位数未超过已知的参考范围以及欧盟和美国成年居民的生物监测研究结果。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mass spectrometry</kwd><kwd>inductively coupled argon plasma</kwd><kwd>collision/reaction cell</kwd><kwd>essential and toxic elements</kwd><kwd>urine</kwd><kwd>internal standard elements</kwd><kwd>sample preparation</kwd><kwd>measurement ranges</kwd><kwd>error characteristics</kwd><kwd>assessment levels</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>масс-спектрометрия</kwd><kwd>индуктивно связанная аргоновая плазма</kwd><kwd>реакционно-столкновительная ячейка</kwd><kwd>эссенциальные и токсичные элементы</kwd><kwd>моча</kwd><kwd>элементы внутреннего стандарта</kwd><kwd>подготовка проб</kwd><kwd>диапазоны измерений</kwd><kwd>характеристики погрешности</kwd><kwd>оценочные уровни</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>质谱法</kwd><kwd>电感耦合等离子体质谱法</kwd><kwd>反应碰撞池</kwd><kwd>必需和有毒元素</kwd><kwd>尿液</kwd><kwd>内标元素</kwd><kwd>样品制备</kwd><kwd>测量范围</kwd><kwd>误差特性</kwd><kwd>参考值</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hoet P, Jacquerye C, Deumer G, et al. 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