Cardiac Organoids: A 3D Technology for Disease Modeling and Drug Screening


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

:Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide; therefore, there is increasing attention to developing physiological-related in vitro cardiovascular tissue models suitable for personalized healthcare and preclinical test. Recently, more complex and powerful in vitro models have emerged for cardiac research. Human cardiac organoids (HCOs) are three-dimensional (3D) cellular constructs similar to in vivo organs. They are derived from pluripotent stem cells and can replicate the structure, function, and biogenetic information of primitive tissues. High-fidelity HCOs are closer to natural human myocardial tissue than animal and cell models to some extent, which helps to study better the development process of the heart and the occurrence of related diseases. In this review, we introduce the methods for constructing HCOs and the application of them, especially in cardiovascular disease modeling and cardiac drug screening. In addition, we propose the prospects and limitations of HCOs. In summary, we have introduced the research progress of HCOs and described their innovation and practicality of them in the biomedical field.

About the authors

Yuxin Zhu

Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Sheng Yang

Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Tianyi Zhang

Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Yiling Ge

Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Xin Wan

Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Geyu Liang

Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

References

  1. Lancaster, M.A.; Knoblich, J.A. Organogenesis in a dish: Modeling development and disease using organoid technologies. Science, 2014, 345(6194), 1247125. doi: 10.1126/science.1247125 PMID: 25035496
  2. Smith, E.; Cochrane, W.J. Cystic organoid teratoma: (Report of a Case). Can. Med. Assoc. J., 1946, 55(2), 151-152.
  3. Sato, T.; Vries, R.G.; Snippert, H.J.; van de Wetering, M.; Barker, N.; Stange, D.E.; van Es, J.H.; Abo, A.; Kujala, P.; Peters, P.J.; Clevers, H. Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche. Nature, 2009, 459(7244), 262-265. doi: 10.1038/nature07935 PMID: 19329995
  4. Velasco, S.; Kedaigle, A.J.; Simmons, S.K.; Nash, A.; Rocha, M.; Quadrato, G.; Paulsen, B.; Nguyen, L.; Adiconis, X.; Regev, A.; Levin, J.Z.; Arlotta, P. Individual brain organoids reproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex. Nature, 2019, 570(7762), 523-527. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1289-x PMID: 31168097
  5. Kanton, S.; Boyle, M.J.; He, Z.; Santel, M.; Weigert, A.; Sanchís-Calleja, F.; Guijarro, P.; Sidow, L.; Fleck, J.S.; Han, D.; Qian, Z.; Heide, M.; Huttner, W.B.; Khaitovich, P.; Pääbo, S.; Treutlein, B.; Camp, J.G. Organoid single- cell genomic atlas uncovers human-specific features of brain development. Nature, 2019, 574(7778), 418-422. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1654-9 PMID: 31619793
  6. Nakano, T.; Ando, S.; Takata, N.; Kawada, M.; Muguruma, K.; Sekiguchi, K.; Saito, K.; Yonemura, S.; Eiraku, M.; Sasai, Y. Self-formation of optic cups and storable stratified neural retina from human ESCs. Cell Stem Cell, 2012, 10(6), 771-785. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.009 PMID: 22704518
  7. Sugimoto, S.; Kobayashi, E.; Fujii, M.; Ohta, Y.; Arai, K.; Matano, M.; Ishikawa, K.; Miyamoto, K.; Toshimitsu, K.; Takahashi, S.; Nanki, K.; Hakamata, Y.; Kanai, T.; Sato, T. An organoid-based organ-repurposing approach to treat short bowel syndrome. Nature, 2021, 592(7852), 99-104. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03247-2 PMID: 33627870
  8. Nikolaev, M.; Mitrofanova, O.; Broguiere, N.; Geraldo, S.; Dutta, D.; Tabata, Y.; Elci, B.; Brandenberg, N.; Kolotuev, I.; Gjorevski, N.; Clevers, H.; Lutolf, M.P. Homeostatic mini-intestines through scaffold-guided organoid morphogenesis. Nature, 2020, 585(7826), 574-578. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2724-8 PMID: 32939089
  9. Seidlitz, T.; Merker, S.R.; Rothe, A.; Zakrzewski, F.; von Neubeck, C.; Grützmann, K.; Sommer, U.; Schweitzer, C.; Schölch, S.; Uhlemann, H.; Gaebler, A.M.; Werner, K.; Krause, M.; Baretton, G.B.; Welsch, T.; Koo, B.K.; Aust, D.E.; Klink, B.; Weitz, J.; Stange, D.E. Human gastric cancer modelling using organoids. Gut, 2019, 68(2), 207-217. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314549 PMID: 29703791
  10. Czerniecki, S.M.; Cruz, N.M.; Harder, J.L.; Menon, R.; Annis, J.; Otto, E.A.; Gulieva, R.E.; Islas, L.V.; Kim, Y.K.; Tran, L.M.; Martins, T.J.; Pippin, J.W.; Fu, H.; Kretzler, M.; Shankland, S.J.; Himmelfarb, J.; Moon, R.T.; Paragas, N.; Freedman, B.S. High-throughput screening enhances kidney organoid differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells and enables automated multidimensional phenotyping. Cell. Stem. Cell., 2018, 22(6), 929-940.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.022 PMID: 29779890
  11. Hu, H.; Gehart, H.; Artegiani, B.; LÖpez-Iglesias, C.; Dekkers, F.; Basak, O.; van Es, J.; Chuva de, S.L.S.M.; Begthel, H.; Korving, J.; van den Born, M.; Zou, C.; Quirk, C.; Chiriboga, L.; Rice, C.M.; Ma, S.; Rios, A.; Peters, P.J.; de Jong, Y.P.; Clevers, H. Long-term expansion of functional mouse and human hepatocytes as 3D organoids. Cell, 2018, 175(6), 1591-1606.e1519.
  12. Peng, W.C.; Logan, C.Y.; Fish, M.; Anbarchian, T.; Aguisanda, F.; Álvarez-Varela, A.; Wu, P.; Jin, Y.; Zhu, J.; Li, B.; Grompe, M.; Wang, B.; Nusse, R. Inflammatory cytokine tnfα promotes the long-term expansion of primary hepatocytes in 3D culture. Cell, 2018, 175(6), 1607-1619.e1615.
  13. Sachs, N.; Papaspyropoulos, A.; Zomer-van Ommen, D.D.; Heo, I.; Böttinger, L.; Klay, D.; Weeber, F.; Huelsz-Prince, G.; Iakobachvili, N.; Amatngalim, G.D.; de Ligt, J.; van Hoeck, A.; Proost, N.; Viveen, M.C.; Lyubimova, A.; Teeven, L.; Derakhshan, S.; Korving, J.; Begthel, H.; Dekkers, J.F.; Kumawat, K.; Ramos, E.; van Oosterhout, M.F.M.; Offerhaus, G.J.; Wiener, D.J.; Olimpio, E.P.; Dijkstra, K.K.; Smit, E.F.; van der Linden, M.; Jaksani, S.; van de Ven, M.; Jonkers, J.; Rios, A.C.; Voest, E.E.; van Moorsel, C.H.M.; van der Ent, C.K.; Cuppen, E.; van Oudenaarden, A.; Coenjaerts, F.E.; Meyaard, L.; Bont, L.J.; Peters, P.J.; Tans, S.J.; van Zon, J.S.; Boj, S.F.; Vries, R.G.; Beekman, J.M.; Clevers, H. Long-term expanding human airway organoids for disease modeling. EMBO J., 2019, 38(4), e100300. doi: 10.15252/embj.2018100300 PMID: 30643021
  14. Mithal, A.; Capilla, A.; Heinze, D.; Berical, A.; Villacorta- Martin, C.; Vedaie, M.; Jacob, A.; Abo, K.; Szymaniak, A.; Peasley, M.; Stuffer, A.; Mahoney, J.; Kotton, D.N.; Hawkins, F.; Mostoslavsky, G. Generation of mesenchyme free intestinal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat. Commun., 2020, 11(1), 215. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13916-6 PMID: 31924806
  15. Mills, R.J.; Titmarsh, D.M.; Koenig, X.; Parker, B.L.; Ryall, J.G.; Quaife-Ryan, G.A.; Voges, H.K.; Hodson, M.P.; Ferguson, C.; Drowley, L.; Plowright, A.T.; Needham, E.J.; Wang, Q.D.; Gregorevic, P.; Xin, M.; Thomas, W.G.; Parton, R.G.; Nielsen, L.K.; Launikonis, B.S.; James, D.E.; Elliott, D.A.; Porrello, E.R.; Hudson, J.E. Functional screening in human cardiac organoids reveals a metabolic mechanism for cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2017, 114(40), E8372-E8381. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1707316114 PMID: 28916735
  16. Richards, D.J.; Coyle, R.C.; Tan, Y.; Jia, J.; Wong, K.; Toomer, K.; Menick, D.R.; Mei, Y. Inspiration from heart development: Biomimetic development of functional human cardiac organoids. Biomaterials, 2017, 142, 112-123. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.021 PMID: 28732246
  17. Richards, D.J.; Li, Y.; Kerr, C.M.; Yao, J.; Beeson, G.C.; Coyle, R.C.; Chen, X.; Jia, J.; Damon, B.; Wilson, R.; Starr Hazard, E.; Hardiman, G.; Menick, D.R.; Beeson, C.C.; Yao, H.; Ye, T.; Mei, Y. Human cardiac organoids for the modelling of myocardial infarction and drug cardiotoxicity. Nat. Biomed. Eng., 2020, 4(4), 446-462. doi: 10.1038/s41551-020-0539-4 PMID: 32284552
  18. Rossi, G.; Manfrin, A.; Lutolf, M.P. Progress and potential in organoid research. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2018, 19(11), 671-687. doi: 10.1038/s41576-018-0051-9 PMID: 30228295
  19. Chen, H.; Zhuo, Q.; Ye, Z.; Xu, X.; Ji, S. Organoid model: A new hope for pancreatic cancer treatment? Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer, 2021, 1875(1), 188466. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188466 PMID: 33160014
  20. Fatehullah, A.; Tan, S.H.; Barker, N. Organoids as an in vitro model of human development and disease. Nat. Cell Biol., 2016, 18(3), 246-254. doi: 10.1038/ncb3312 PMID: 26911908
  21. Horvath, P.; Aulner, N.; Bickle, M.; Davies, A.M.; Nery, E.D.; Ebner, D.; Montoya, M.C.; Östling, P.; Pietiäinen, V.; Price, L.S.; Shorte, S.L.; Turcatti, G.; von Schantz, C.; Carragher, N.O. Screening out irrelevant cell-based models of disease. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2016, 15(11), 751-769. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2016.175 PMID: 27616293
  22. Hay, M.; Thomas, D.W.; Craighead, J.L.; Economides, C.; Rosenthal, J. Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs. Nat. Biotechnol., 2014, 32(1), 40-51. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2786 PMID: 24406927
  23. Frommeyer, G.; Eckardt, L. Drug-induced proarrhythmia: Risk factors and electrophysiological mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 2016, 13(1), 36-47. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.110 PMID: 26194552
  24. Ronaldson-Bouchard, K.; Ma, S.P.; Yeager, K.; Chen, T.; Song, L.; Sirabella, D.; Morikawa, K.; Teles, D.; Yazawa, M.; Vunjak-Novakovic, G. Advanced maturation of human cardiac tissue grown from pluripotent stem cells. Nature, 2018, 556(7700), 239-243. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0016-3 PMID: 29618819
  25. McGranahan, N.; Swanton, C. Biological and therapeutic impact of intratumor heterogeneity in cancer evolution. Cancer. Cell., 2015, 27(1), 15-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.12.001 PMID: 25584892
  26. Wang, Z.; Wang, S.N.; Xu, T.Y.; Miao, Z.W.; Su, D.F.; Miao, C.Y. Organoid technology for brain and therapeutics research. CNS Neurosci. Ther., 2017, 23(10), 771-778. doi: 10.1111/cns.12754 PMID: 28884977
  27. Gattazzo, F.; Urciuolo, A.; Bonaldo, P. Extracellular matrix: A dynamic microenvironment for stem cell niche. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Gen. Subj., 2014, 1840(8), 2506-2519. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.010 PMID: 24418517
  28. Takebe, T.; Zhang, B.; Radisic, M. Synergistic engineering: Organoids meet organs-on-a-chip. Cell Stem Cell, 2017, 21(3), 297-300. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.08.016 PMID: 28886364
  29. Komor, A.C.; Badran, A.H.; Liu, D.R. CRISPR-based technologies for the manipulation of eukaryotic genomes. Cell., 2017, 168(1-2), 20-36. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.044 PMID: 27866654
  30. Edmondson, R.; Broglie, J.J.; Adcock, A.F.; Yang, L. Three-dimensional cell culture systems and their applications in drug discovery and cell-based biosensors. Assay. Drug. Dev. Technol., 2014, 12(4), 207-218. doi: 10.1089/adt.2014.573 PMID: 24831787
  31. Vargas-Valderrama, A.; Messina, A.; Mitjavila-Garcia, M.T.; Guenou, H. The endothelium, a key actor in organ development and hPSC-derived organoid vascularization. J. Biomed. Sci., 2020, 27(1), 67. doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-00661-y PMID: 32443983
  32. Rauth, S.; Karmakar, S.; Batra, S.K.; Ponnusamy, M.P. Recent advances in organoid development and applications in disease modeling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer, 2021, 1875(2), 188527. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188527 PMID: 33640383
  33. Verjans, E.T.; Doijen, J.; Luyten, W.; Landuyt, B.; Schoofs, L. Three-dimensional cell culture models for anticancer drug screening: Worth the effort? J. Cell. Physiol., 2018, 233(4), 2993-3003. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26052 PMID: 28618001
  34. Silvestri, V.L.; Henriet, E.; Linville, R.M.; Wong, A.D.; Searson, P.C.; Ewald, A.J. A tissue-engineered 3D microvessel model reveals the dynamics of mosaic vessel formation in breast cancer. Cancer Res., 2020, 80(19), 4288-4301. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-1564 PMID: 32665356
  35. Schmidt, C.; Pommerenke, H.; Dürr, F.; Nebe, B.; Rychly, J. Mechanical stressing of integrin receptors induces enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of cytoskeletally anchored proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273(9), 5081-5085. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.9.5081 PMID: 9478959
  36. Bissell, M.J.; Rizki, A.; Mian, I.S. Tissue architecture: The ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 2003, 15(6), 753-762. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2003.10.016 PMID: 14644202
  37. Goldfracht, I.; Protze, S.; Shiti, A.; Setter, N.; Gruber, A.; Shaheen, N.; Nartiss, Y.; Keller, G.; Gepstein, L. Generating ring-shaped engineered heart tissues from ventricular and atrial human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Nat. Commun., 2020, 11(1), 75. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13868-x PMID: 31911598
  38. Abbas, M.; Moradi, F.; Hu, W.; Regudo, K.L.; Osborne, M.; Pettipas, J.; Atallah, D.S.; Hachem, R.; Ott-Peron, N.; Stuart, J.A. Vertebrate cell culture as an experimental approach – limitations and solutions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2021, 254, 110570. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110570 PMID: 33516822
  39. Anthon, S.G.; Valente, K.P. Vascularization strategies in 3D cell culture models: From scaffold-free models to 3D bioprinting. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, 23(23), 14582. doi: 10.3390/ijms232314582 PMID: 36498908
  40. Huh, D.; Hamilton, G.A.; Ingber, D.E. From 3D cell culture to organs-on-chips. Trends Cell Biol., 2011, 21(12), 745-754. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.09.005 PMID: 22033488
  41. Artegiani, B.; Clevers, H. Use and application of 3D-organoid technology. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2018, 27(R2), R99-R107. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddy187 PMID: 29796608
  42. Vos, T.; Lim, S.S.; Abbafati, C.; Abbas, K.M.; Abbasi, M.; Abbasifard, M.; Abbasi-Kangevari, M.; Abbastabar, H.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdelalim, A.; Abdollahi, M.; Abdollahpour, I.; Abolhassani, H.; Aboyans, V.; Abrams, E.M.; Abreu, L.G.; Abrigo, M.R.M.; Abu-Raddad, L.J.; Abushouk, A.I.; Acebedo, A.; Ackerman, I.N.; Adabi, M.; Adamu, A.A.; Adebayo, O.M.; Adekanmbi, V.; Adelson, J.D.; Adetokunboh, O.O.; Adham, D.; Afshari, M.; Afshin, A.; Agardh, E.E.; Agarwal, G.; Agesa, K.M.; Aghaali, M.; Aghamir, S.M.K.; Agrawal, A.; Ahmad, T.; Ahmadi, A.; Ahmadi, M.; Ahmadieh, H.; Ahmadpour, E.; Akalu, T.Y.; Akinyemi, R.O.; Akinyemiju, T.; Akombi, B.; Al-Aly, Z.; Alam, K.; Alam, N.; Alam, S.; Alam, T.; Alanzi, T.M.; Albertson, S.B.; Alcalde-Rabanal, J.E.; Alema, N.M.; Ali, M.; Ali, S.; Alicandro, G.; Alijanzadeh, M.; Alinia, C.; Alipour, V.; Aljunid, S.M.; Alla, F.; Allebeck, P.; Almasi-Hashiani, A.; Alonso, J.; Al-Raddadi, R.M.; Altirkawi, K.A.; Alvis-Guzman, N.; Alvis-Zakzuk, N.J.; Amini, S.; Amini-Rarani, M.; Aminorroaya, A.; Amiri, F.; Amit, A.M.L.; Amugsi, D.A.; Amul, G.G.H.; Anderlini, D.; Andrei, C.L.; Andrei, T.; Anjomshoa, M.; Ansari, F.; Ansari, I.; Ansari-Moghaddam, A.; Antonio, C.A.T.; Antony, C.M.; Antriyandarti, E.; Anvari, D.; Anwer, R.; Arabloo, J.; Arab-Zozani, M.; Aravkin, A.Y.; Ariani, F.; Ärnlöv, J.; Aryal, K.K.; Arzani, A.; Asadi-Aliabadi, M.; Asadi-Pooya, A.A.; Asghari, B.; Ashbaugh, C.; Atnafu, D.D.; Atre, S.R.; Ausloos, F.; Ausloos, M.; Ayala Quintanilla, B.P.; Ayano, G.; Ayanore, M.A.; Aynalem, Y.A.; Azari, S.; Azarian, G.; Azene, Z.N.; Babaee, E.; Badawi, A.; Bagherzadeh, M.; Bakhshaei, M.H.; Bakhtiari, A.; Balakrishnan, S.; Balalla, S.; Balassyano, S.; Banach, M.; Banik, P.C.; Bannick, M.S.; Bante, A.B.; Baraki, A.G.; Barboza, M.A.; Barker-Collo, S.L.; Barthelemy, C.M.; Barua, L.; Barzegar, A.; Basu, S.; Baune, B.T.; Bayati, M.; Bazmandegan, G.; Bedi, N.; Beghi, E.; Béjot, Y.; Bello, A.K.; Bender, R.G.; Bennett, D.A.; Bennitt, F.B.; Bensenor, I.M.; Benziger, C.P.; Berhe, K.; Bernabe, E.; Bertolacci, G.J.; Bhageerathy, R.; Bhala, N.; Bhandari, D.; Bhardwaj, P.; Bhattacharyya, K.; Bhutta, Z.A.; Bibi, S.; Biehl, M.H.; Bikbov, B.; Bin Sayeed, M.S.; Biondi, A.; Birihane, B.M.; Bisanzio, D.; Bisignano, C.; Biswas, R.K.; Bohlouli, S.; Bohluli, M.; Bolla, S.R.R.; Boloor, A.; Boon-Dooley, A.S.; Borges, G.; Borzì, A.M.; Bourne, R.; Brady, O.J.; Brauer, M.; Brayne, C.; Breitborde, N.J.K.; Brenner, H.; Briant, P.S.; Briggs, A.M.; Briko, N.I.; Britton, G.B.; Bryazka, D.; Buchbinder, R.; Bumgarner, B.R.; Busse, R.; Butt, Z.A.; Caetano dos Santos, F.L.; Cámera, L.L.A.A.; Campos-Nonato, I.R.; Car, J.; Cárdenas, R.; Carreras, G.; Carrero, J.J.; Carvalho, F.; Castaldelli-Maia, J.M.; Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A.; Castelpietra, G.; Castle, C.D.; Castro, F.; Catalá-López, F.; Causey, K.; Cederroth, C.R.; Cercy, K.M.; Cerin, E.; Chandan, J.S.; Chang, A.R.; Charlson, F.J.; Chattu, V.K.; Chaturvedi, S.; Chimed-Ochir, O.; Chin, K.L.; Cho, D.Y.; Christensen, H.; Chu, D-T.; Chung, M.T.; Cicuttini, F.M.; Ciobanu, L.G.; Cirillo, M.; Collins, E.L.; Compton, K.; Conti, S.; Cortesi, P.A.; Costa, V.M.; Cousin, E.; Cowden, R.G.; Cowie, B.C.; Cromwell, E.A.; Cross, D.H.; Crowe, C.S.; Cruz, J.A.; Cunningham, M.; Dahlawi, S.M.A.; Damiani, G.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Darwesh, A.M.; Daryani, A.; Das, J.K.; Das Gupta, R.; das Neves, J.; Dávila-Cervantes, C.A.; Davletov, K.; De Leo, D.; Dean, F.E.; DeCleene, N.K.; Deen, A.; Degenhardt, L.; Dellavalle, R.P.; Demeke, F.M.; Demsie, D.G.; Denova-Gutiérrez, E.; Dereje, N.D.; Dervenis, N.; Desai, R.; Desalew, A.; Dessie, G.A.; Dharmaratne, S.D.; Dhungana, G.P.; Dianatinasab, M.; Diaz, D.; Dibaji Forooshani, Z.S.; Dingels, Z.V.; Dirac, M.A.; Djalalinia, S.; Do, H.T.; Dokova, K.; Dorostkar, F.; Doshi, C.P.; Doshmangir, L.; Douiri, A.; Doxey, M.C.; Driscoll, T.R.; Dunachie, S.J.; Duncan, B.B.; Duraes, A.R.; Eagan, A.W.; Ebrahimi Kalan, M.; Edvardsson, D.; Ehrlich, J.R.; El Nahas, N.; El Sayed, I.; El Tantawi, M.; Elbarazi, I.; Elgendy, I.Y.; Elhabashy, H.R.; El-Jaafary, S.I.; Elyazar, I.R.F.; Emamian, M.H.; Emmons-Bell, S.; Erskine, H.E.; Eshrati, B.; Eskandarieh, S.; Esmaeilnejad, S.; Esmaeilzadeh, F.; Esteghamati, A.; Estep, K.; Etemadi, A.; Etisso, A.E.; Farahmand, M.; Faraj, A.; Fareed, M.; Faridnia, R.; Farinha, C.S.S.; Farioli, A.; Faro, A.; Faruque, M.; Farzadfar, F.; Fattahi, N.; Fazlzadeh, M.; Feigin, V.L.; Feldman, R.; Fereshtehnejad, S-M.; Fernandes, E.; Ferrari, A.J.; Ferreira, M.L.; Filip, I.; Fischer, F.; Fisher, J.L.; Fitzgerald, R.; Flohr, C.; Flor, L.S.; Foigt, N.A.; Folayan, M.O.; Force, L.M.; Fornari, C.; Foroutan, M.; Fox, J.T.; Freitas, M.; Fu, W.; Fukumoto, T.; Furtado, J.M.; Gad, M.M.; Gakidou, E.; Galles, N.C.; Gallus, S.; Gamkrelidze, A.; Garcia-Basteiro, A.L.; Gardner, W.M.; Geberemariyam, B.S.; Gebrehiwot, A.M.; Gebremedhin, K.B.; Gebreslassie, A.A.A.A.; Gershberg Hayoon, A.; Gething, P.W.; Ghadimi, M.; Ghadiri, K.; Ghafourifard, M.; Ghajar, A.; Ghamari, F.; Ghashghaee, A.; Ghiasvand, H.; Ghith, N.; Gholamian, A.; Gilani, S.A.; Gill, P.S.; Gitimoghaddam, M.; Giussani, G.; Goli, S.; Gomez, R.S.; Gopalani, S.V.; Gorini, G.; Gorman, T.M.; Gottlich, H.C.; Goudarzi, H.; Goulart, A.C.; Goulart, B.N.G.; Grada, A.; Grivna, M.; Grosso, G.; Gubari, M.I.M.; Gugnani, H.C.; Guimaraes, A.L.S.; Guimarães, R.A.; Guled, R.A.; Guo, G.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, R.; Haagsma, J.A.; Haddock, B.; Hafezi-Nejad, N.; Hafiz, A.; Hagins, H.; Haile, L.M.; Hall, B.J.; Halvaei, I.; Hamadeh, R.R.; Hamagharib Abdullah, K.; Hamilton, E.B.; Han, C.; Han, H.; Hankey, G.J.; Haro, J.M.; Harvey, J.D.; Hasaballah, A.I.; Hasanzadeh, A.; Hashemian, M.; Hassanipour, S.; Hassankhani, H.; Havmoeller, R.J.; Hay, R.J.; Hay, S.I.; Hayat, K.; Heidari, B.; Heidari, G.; Heidari-Soureshjani, R.; Hendrie, D.; Henrikson, H.J.; Henry, N.J.; Herteliu, C.; Heydarpour, F.; Hird, T.R.; Hoek, H.W.; Hole, M.K.; Holla, R.; Hoogar, P.; Hosgood, H.D.; Hosseinzadeh, M.; Hostiuc, M.; Hostiuc, S.; Househ, M.; Hoy, D.G.; Hsairi, M.; Hsieh, V.C.; Hu, G.; Huda, T.M.; Hugo, F.N.; Huynh, C.K.; Hwang, B-F.; Iannucci, V.C.; Ibitoye, S.E.; Ikuta, K.S.; Ilesanmi, O.S.; Ilic, I.M.; Ilic, M.D.; Inbaraj, L.R.; Ippolito, H.; Irvani, S.S.N.; Islam, M.M.; Islam, M.M.; Islam, S.M.S.; Islami, F.; Iso, H.; Ivers, R.Q.; Iwu, C.C.D.; Iyamu, I.O.; Jaafari, J.; Jacobsen, K.H.; Jadidi-Niaragh, F.; Jafari, H.; Jafarinia, M.; Jahagirdar, D.; Jahani, M.A.; Jahanmehr, N.; Jakovljevic, M.; Jalali, A.; Jalilian, F.; James, S.L.; Janjani, H.; Janodia, M.D.; Jayatilleke, A.U.; Jeemon, P.; Jenabi, E.; Jha, R.P.; Jha, V.; Ji, J.S.; Jia, P.; John, O.; John-Akinola, Y.O.; Johnson, C.O.; Johnson, S.C.; Jonas, J.B.; Joo, T.; Joshi, A.; Jozwiak, J.J.; Jürisson, M.; Kabir, A.; Kabir, Z.; Kalani, H.; Kalani, R.; Kalankesh, L.R.; Kalhor, R.; Kamiab, Z.; Kanchan, T.; Karami Matin, B.; Karch, A.; Karim, M.A.; Karimi, S.E.; Kassa, G.M.; Kassebaum, N.J.; Katikireddi, S.V.; Kawakami, N.; Kayode, G.A.; Keddie, S.H.; Keller, C.; Kereselidze, M.; Khafaie, M.A.; Khalid, N.; Khan, M.; Khatab, K.; Khater, M.M.; Khatib, M.N.; Khayamzadeh, M.; Khodayari, M.T.; Khundkar, R.; Kianipour, N.; Kieling, C.; Kim, D.; Kim, Y-E.; Kim, Y.J.; Kimokoti, R.W.; Kisa, A.; Kisa, S.; Kissimova-Skarbek, K.; Kivimäki, M.; Kneib, C.J.; Knudsen, A.K.S.; Kocarnik, J.M.; Kolola, T.; Kopec, J.A.; Kosen, S.; Koul, P.A.; Koyanagi, A.; Kravchenko, M.A.; Krishan, K.; Krohn, K.J.; Kuate Defo, B.; Kucuk Bicer, B.; Kumar, G.A.; Kumar, M.; Kumar, P.; Kumar, V.; Kumaresh, G.; Kurmi, O.P.; Kusuma, D.; Kyu, H.H.; La Vecchia, C.; Lacey, B.; Lal, D.K.; Lalloo, R.; Lam, J.O.; Lami, F.H.; Landires, I.; Lang, J.J.; Lansingh, V.C.; Larson, S.L.; Larsson, A.O.; Lasrado, S.; Lassi, Z.S.; Lau, K.M-M.; Lavados, P.M.; Lazarus, J.V.; Ledesma, J.R.; Lee, P.H.; Lee, S.W.H.; LeGrand, K.E.; Leigh, J.; Leonardi, M.; Lescinsky, H.; Leung, J.; Levi, M.; Lewington, S.; Li, S.; Lim, L-L.; Lin, C.; Lin, R-T.; Linehan, C.; Linn, S.; Liu, H-C.; Liu, S.; Liu, Z.; Looker, K.J.; Lopez, A.D.; Lopukhov, P.D.; Lorkowski, S.; Lotufo, P.A.; Lucas, T.C.D.; Lugo, A.; Lunevicius, R.; Lyons, R.A.; Ma, J.; MacLachlan, J.H.; Maddison, E.R.; Maddison, R.; Madotto, F.; Mahasha, P.W.; Mai, H.T.; Majeed, A.; Maled, V.; Maleki, S.; Malekzadeh, R.; Malta, D.C.; Mamun, A.A.; Manafi, A.; Manafi, N.; Manguerra, H.; Mansouri, B.; Mansournia, M.A.; Mantilla Herrera, A.M.; Maravilla, J.C.; Marks, A.; Martins-Melo, F.R.; Martopullo, I.; Masoumi, S.Z.; Massano, J.; Massenburg, B.B.; Mathur, M.R.; Maulik, P.K.; McAlinden, C.; McGrath, J.J.; McKee, M.; Mehndiratta, M.M.; Mehri, F.; Mehta, K.M.; Meitei, W.B.; Memiah, P.T.N.; Mendoza, W.; Menezes, R.G.; Mengesha, E.W.; Mengesha, M.B.; Mereke, A.; Meretoja, A.; Meretoja, T.J.; Mestrovic, T.; Miazgowski, B.; Miazgowski, T.; Michalek, I.M.; Mihretie, K.M.; Miller, T.R.; Mills, E.J.; Mirica, A.; Mirrakhimov, E.M.; Mirzaei, H.; Mirzaei, M.; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M.; Misganaw, A.T.; Mithra, P.; Moazen, B.; Moghadaszadeh, M.; Mohamadi, E.; Mohammad, D.K.; Mohammad, Y.; Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N.; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A.; Mohammadifard, N.; Mohammadpourhodki, R.; Mohammed, S.; Mokdad, A.H.; Molokhia, M.; Momen, N.C.; Monasta, L.; Mondello, S.; Mooney, M.D.; Moosazadeh, M.; Moradi, G.; Moradi, M.; Moradi-Lakeh, M.; Moradzadeh, R.; Moraga, P.; Morales, L.; Morawska, L.; Moreno Velásquez, I.; Morgado-da-Costa, J.; Morrison, S.D.; Mosser, J.F.; Mouodi, S.; Mousavi, S.M.; Mousavi Khaneghah, A.; Mueller, U.O.; Munro, S.B.; Muriithi, M.K.; Musa, K.I.; Muthupandian, S.; Naderi, M.; Nagarajan, A.J.; Nagel, G.; Naghshtabrizi, B.; Nair, S.; Nandi, A.K.; Nangia, V.; Nansseu, J.R.; Nayak, V.C.; Nazari, J.; Negoi, I.; Negoi, R.I.; Netsere, H.B.N.; Ngunjiri, J.W.; Nguyen, C.T.; Nguyen, J.; Nguyen, M.; Nguyen, M.; Nichols, E.; Nigatu, D.; Nigatu, Y.T.; Nikbakhsh, R.; Nixon, M.R.; Nnaji, C.A.; Nomura, S.; Norrving, B.; Noubiap, J.J.; Nowak, C.; Nunez-Samudio, V.; Oţoiu, A.; Oancea, B.; Odell, C.M.; Ogbo, F.A.; Oh, I-H.; Okunga, E.W.; Oladnabi, M.; Olagunju, A.T.; Olusanya, B.O.; Olusanya, J.O.; Oluwasanu, M.M.; Omar Bali, A.; Omer, M.O.; Ong, K.L.; Onwujekwe, O.E.; Orji, A.U.; Orpana, H.M.; Ortiz, A.; Ostroff, S.M.; Otstavnov, N.; Otstavnov, S.S.; Øverland, S.; Owolabi, M.O.; P A, M.; Padubidri, J.R.; Pakhare, A.P.; Palladino, R.; Pana, A.; Panda-Jonas, S.; Pandey, A.; Park, E-K.; Parmar, P.G.K.; Pasupula, D.K.; Patel, S.K.; Paternina-Caicedo, A.J.; Pathak, A.; Pathak, M.; Patten, S.B.; Patton, G.C.; Paudel, D.; Pazoki Toroudi, H.; Peden, A.E.; Pennini, A.; Pepito, V.C.F.; Peprah, E.K.; Pereira, A.; Pereira, D.M.; Perico, N.; Pham, H.Q.; Phillips, M.R.; Pigott, D.M.; Pilgrim, T.; Pilz, T.M.; Pirsaheb, M.; Plana-Ripoll, O.; Plass, D.; Pokhrel, K.N.; Polibin, R.V.; Polinder, S.; Polkinghorne, K.R.; Postma, M.J.; Pourjafar, H.; Pourmalek, F.; Pourmirza Kalhori, R.; Pourshams, A.; Poznańska, A.; Prada, S.I.; Prakash, V.; Pribadi, D.R.A.; Pupillo, E.; Quazi Syed, Z.; Rabiee, M.; Rabiee, N.; Radfar, A.; Rafiee, A.; Rafiei, A.; Raggi, A.; Rahimi-Movaghar, A.; Rahman, M.A.; Rajabpour-Sanati, A.; Rajati, F.; Ramezanzadeh, K.; Ranabhat, C.L.; Rao, P.C.; Rao, S.J.; Rasella, D.; Rastogi, P.; Rathi, P.; Rawaf, D.L.; Rawaf, S.; Rawal, L.; Razo, C.; Redford, S.B.; Reiner, R.C., Jr; Reinig, N.; Reitsma, M.B.; Remuzzi, G.; Renjith, V.; Renzaho, A.M.N.; Resnikoff, S.; Rezaei, N.; Rezai, M.; Rezapour, A.; Rhinehart, P-A.; Riahi, S.M.; Ribeiro, A.L.P.; Ribeiro, D.C.; Ribeiro, D.; Rickard, J.; Roberts, N.L.S.; Roberts, S.; Robinson, S.R.; Roever, L.; Rolfe, S.; Ronfani, L.; Roshandel, G.; Roth, G.A.; Rubagotti, E.; Rumisha, S.F.; Sabour, S.; Sachdev, P.S.; Saddik, B.; Sadeghi, E.; Sadeghi, M.; Saeidi, S.; Safi, S.; Safiri, S.; Sagar, R.; Sahebkar, A.; Sahraian, M.A.; Sajadi, S.M.; Salahshoor, M.R.; Salamati, P.; Salehi Zahabi, S.; Salem, H.; Salem, M.R.R.; Salimzadeh, H.; Salomon, J.A.; Salz, I.; Samad, Z.; Samy, A.M.; Sanabria, J.; Santomauro, D.F.; Santos, I.S.; Santos, J.V.; Santric-Milicevic, M.M.; Saraswathy, S.Y.I.; Sarmiento-Suárez, R.; Sarrafzadegan, N.; Sartorius, B.; Sarveazad, A.; Sathian, B.; Sathish, T.; Sattin, D.; Sbarra, A.N.; Schaeffer, L.E.; Schiavolin, S.; Schmidt, M.I.; Schutte, A.E.; Schwebel, D.C.; Schwendicke, F.; Senbeta, A.M.; Senthilkumaran, S.; Sepanlou, S.G.; Shackelford, K.A.; Shadid, J.; Shahabi, S.; Shaheen, A.A.; Shaikh, M.A.; Shalash, A.S.; Shams-Beyranvand, M.; Shamsizadeh, M.; Shannawaz, M.; Sharafi, K.; Sharara, F.; Sheena, B.S.; Sheikhtaheri, A.; Shetty, R.S.; Shibuya, K.; Shiferaw, W.S.; Shigematsu, M.; Shin, J.I.; Shiri, R.; Shirkoohi, R.; Shrime, M.G.; Shuval, K.; Siabani, S.; Sigfusdottir, I.D.; Sigurvinsdottir, R.; Silva, J.P.; Simpson, K.E.; Singh, A.; Singh, J.A.; Skiadaresi, E.; Skou, S.T.; Skryabin, V.Y.; Sobngwi, E.; Sokhan, A.; Soltani, S.; Sorensen, R.J.D.; Soriano, J.B.; Sorrie, M.B.; Soyiri, I.N.; Sreeramareddy, C.T.; Stanaway, J.D.; Stark, B.A.; Ştefan, S.C.; Stein, C.; Steiner, C.; Steiner, T.J.; Stokes, M.A.; Stovner, L.J.; Stubbs, J.L.; Sudaryanto, A.; Sufiyan, M.B.; Sulo, G.; Sultan, I.; Sykes, B.L.; Sylte, D.O.; Szócska, M.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, R.; Tabb, K.M.; Tadakamadla, S.K.; Taherkhani, A.; Tajdini, M.; Takahashi, K.; Taveira, N.; Teagle, W.L.; Teame, H.; Tehrani-Banihashemi, A.; Teklehaimanot, B.F.; Terrason, S.; Tessema, Z.T.; Thankappan, K.R.; Thomson, A.M.; Tohidinik, H.R.; Tonelli, M.; Topor-Madry, R.; Torre, A.E.; Touvier, M.; Tovani-Palone, M.R.R.; Tran, B.X.; Travillian, R.; Troeger, C.E.; Truelsen, T.C.; Tsai, A.C.; Tsatsakis, A.; Tudor Car, L.; Tyrovolas, S.; Uddin, R.; Ullah, S.; Undurraga, E.A.; Unnikrishnan, B.; Vacante, M.; Vakilian, A.; Valdez, P.R.; Varughese, S.; Vasankari, T.J.; Vasseghian, Y.; Venketasubramanian, N.; Violante, F.S.; Vlassov, V.; Vollset, S.E.; Vongpradith, A.; Vukovic, A.; Vukovic, R.; Waheed, Y.; Walters, M.K.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y-P.; Ward, J.L.; Watson, A.; Wei, J.; Weintraub, R.G.; Weiss, D.J.; Weiss, J.; Westerman, R.; Whisnant, J.L.; Whiteford, H.A.; Wiangkham, T.; Wiens, K.E.; Wijeratne, T.; Wilner, L.B.; Wilson, S.; Wojtyniak, B.; Wolfe, C.D.A.; Wool, E.E.; Wu, A-M.; Wulf Hanson, S.; Wunrow, H.Y.; Xu, G.; Xu, R.; Yadgir, S.; Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H.; Yamagishi, K.; Yaminfirooz, M.; Yano, Y.; Yaya, S.; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V.; Yearwood, J.A.; Yeheyis, T.Y.; Yeshitila, Y.G.; Yip, P.; Yonemoto, N.; Yoon, S-J.; Yoosefi Lebni, J.; Younis, M.Z.; Younker, T.P.; Yousefi, Z.; Yousefifard, M.; Yousefinezhadi, T.; Yousuf, A.Y.; Yu, C.; Yusefzadeh, H.; Zahirian Moghadam, T.; Zaki, L.; Zaman, S.B.; Zamani, M.; Zamanian, M.; Zandian, H.; Zangeneh, A.; Zastrozhin, M.S.; Zewdie, K.A.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z-J.; Zhao, J.T.; Zhao, Y.; Zheng, P.; Zhou, M.; Ziapour, A.; Zimsen, S.R.M.; Naghavi, M.; Murray, C.J.L. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 2020, 396(10258), 1204-1222. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9 PMID: 33069326
  43. Mc Namara, K.; Alzubaidi, H.; Jackson, J.K. Cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of death: How are pharmacists getting involved? Integr. Pharm. Res. Pract., 2019, 8, 1-11. doi: 10.2147/IPRP.S133088 PMID: 30788283
  44. Roth, G.A.; Mensah, G.A.; Johnson, C.O.; Addolorato, G.; Ammirati, E.; Baddour, L.M.; Barengo, N.C.; Beaton, A.Z.; Benjamin, E.J.; Benziger, C.P.; Bonny, A.; Brauer, M.; Brodmann, M.; Cahill, T.J.; Carapetis, J.; Catapano, A.L.; Chugh, S.S.; Cooper, L.T.; Coresh, J.; Criqui, M.; DeCleene, N.; Eagle, K.A.; Emmons-Bell, S.; Feigin, V.L.; Fernández-Solà, J.; Fowkes, G.; Gakidou, E.; Grundy, S.M.; He, F.J.; Howard, G.; Hu, F.; Inker, L.; Karthikeyan, G.; Kassebaum, N.; Koroshetz, W.; Lavie, C.; Lloyd-Jones, D.; Lu, H.S.; Mirijello, A.; Temesgen, A.M.; Mokdad, A.; Moran, A.E.; Muntner, P.; Narula, J.; Neal, B.; Ntsekhe, M.; Moraes de Oliveira, G.; Otto, C.; Owolabi, M.; Pratt, M.; Rajagopalan, S.; Reitsma, M.; Ribeiro, A.L.P.; Rigotti, N.; Rodgers, A.; Sable, C.; Shakil, S.; Sliwa-Hahnle, K.; Stark, B.; Sundström, J.; Timpel, P.; Tleyjeh, I.M.; Valgimigli, M.; Vos, T.; Whelton, P.K.; Yacoub, M.; Zuhlke, L.; Murray, C.; Fuster, V.; Roth, G.A.; Mensah, G.A.; Johnson, C.O.; Addolorato, G.; Ammirati, E.; Baddour, L.M.; Barengo, N.C.; Beaton, A.; Benjamin, E.J.; Benziger, C.P.; Bonny, A.; Brauer, M.; Brodmann, M.; Cahill, T.J.; Carapetis, J.R.; Catapano, A.L.; Chugh, S.; Cooper, L.T.; Coresh, J.; Criqui, M.H.; DeCleene, N.K.; Eagle, K.A.; Emmons-Bell, S.; Feigin, V.L.; Fernández-Sola, J.; Fowkes, F.G.R.; Gakidou, E.; Grundy, S.M.; He, F.J.; Howard, G.; Hu, F.; Inker, L.; Karthikeyan, G.; Kassebaum, N.J.; Koroshetz, W.J.; Lavie, C.; Lloyd-Jones, D.; Lu, H.S.; Mirijello, A.; Misganaw, A.T.; Mokdad, A.H.; Moran, A.E.; Muntner, P.; Narula, J.; Neal, B.; Ntsekhe, M.; Oliveira, G.M.M.; Otto, C.M.; Owolabi, M.O.; Pratt, M.; Rajagopalan, S.; Reitsma, M.B.; Ribeiro, A.L.P.; Rigotti, N.A.; Rodgers, A.; Sable, C.A.; Shakil, S.S.; Sliwa, K.; Stark, B.A.; Sundström, J.; Timpel, P.; Tleyjeh, I.I.; Valgimigli, M.; Vos, T.; Whelton, P.K.; Yacoub, M.; Zuhlke, L.J.; Abbasi-Kangevari, M.; Abdi, A.; Abedi, A.; Aboyans, V.; Abrha, W.A.; Abu-Gharbieh, E.; Abushouk, A.I.; Acharya, D.; Adair, T.; Adebayo, O.M.; Ademi, Z.; Advani, S.M.; Afshari, K.; Afshin, A.; Agarwal, G.; Agasthi, P.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmadi, S.; Ahmed, M.B.; Aji, B.; Akalu, Y.; Akande-Sholabi, W.; Aklilu, A.; Akunna, C.J.; Alahdab, F.; Al-Eyadhy, A.; Alhabib, K.F.; Alif, S.M.; Alipour, V.; Aljunid, S.M.; Alla, F.; Almasi-Hashiani, A.; Almustanyir, S.; Al-Raddadi, R.M.; Amegah, A.K.; Amini, S.; Aminorroaya, A.; Amu, H.; Amugsi, D.A.; Ancuceanu, R.; Anderlini, D.; Andrei, T.; Andrei, C.L.; Ansari-Moghaddam, A.; Anteneh, Z.A.; Antonazzo, I.C.; Antony, B.; Anwer, R.; Appiah, L.T.; Arabloo, J.; Ärnlöv, J.; Artanti, K.D.; Ataro, Z.; Ausloos, M.; Avila-Burgos, L.; Awan, A.T.; Awoke, M.A.; Ayele, H.T.; Ayza, M.A.; Azari, S.; B, D.B.; Baheiraei, N.; Baig, A.A.; Bakhtiari, A.; Banach, M.; Banik, P.C.; Baptista, E.A.; Barboza, M.A.; Barua, L.; Basu, S.; Bedi, N.; Béjot, Y.; Bennett, D.A.; Bensenor, I.M.; Berman, A.E.; Bezabih, Y.M.; Bhagavathula, A.S.; Bhaskar, S.; Bhattacharyya, K.; Bijani, A.; Bikbov, B.; Birhanu, M.M.; Boloor, A.; Brant, L.C.; Brenner, H.; Briko, N.I.; Butt, Z.A.; Caetano dos Santos, F.L.; Cahill, L.E.; Cahuana-Hurtado, L.; Cámera, L.A.; Campos-Nonato, I.R.; Cantu-Brito, C.; Car, J.; Carrero, J.J.; Carvalho, F.; Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A.; Catalá-López, F.; Cerin, E.; Charan, J.; Chattu, V.K.; Chen, S.; Chin, K.L.; Choi, J-Y.J.; Chu, D-T.; Chung, S-C.; Cirillo, M.; Coffey, S.; Conti, S.; Costa, V.M.; Cundiff, D.K.; Dadras, O.; Dagnew, B.; Dai, X.; Damasceno, A.A.M.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Davletov, K.; De la Cruz-Góngora, V.; De la Hoz, F.P.; De Neve, J-W.; Denova-Gutiérrez, E.; Derbew Molla, M.; Derseh, B.T.; Desai, R.; Deuschl, G.; Dharmaratne, S.D.; Dhimal, M.; Dhungana, R.R.; Dianatinasab, M.; Diaz, D.; Djalalinia, S.; Dokova, K.; Douiri, A.; Duncan, B.B.; Duraes, A.R.; Eagan, A.W.; Ebtehaj, S.; Eftekhari, A.; Eftekharzadeh, S.; Ekholuenetale, M.; El Nahas, N.; Elgendy, I.Y.; Elhadi, M.; El-Jaafary, S.I.; Esteghamati, S.; Etisso, A.E.; Eyawo, O.; Fadhil, I.; Faraon, E.J.A.; Faris, P.S.; Farwati, M.; Farzadfar, F.; Fernandes, E.; Fernandez Prendes, C.; Ferrara, P.; Filip, I.; Fischer, F.; Flood, D.; Fukumoto, T.; Gad, M.M.; Gaidhane, S.; Ganji, M.; Garg, J.; Gebre, A.K.; Gebregiorgis, B.G.; Gebregzabiher, K.Z.; Gebremeskel, G.G.; Getacher, L.; Obsa, A.G.; Ghajar, A.; Ghashghaee, A.; Ghith, N.; Giampaoli, S.; Gilani, S.A.; Gill, P.S.; Gillum, R.F.; Glushkova, E.V.; Gnedovskaya, E.V.; Golechha, M.; Gonfa, K.B.; Goudarzian, A.H.; Goulart, A.C.; Guadamuz, J.S.; Guha, A.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, R.; Hachinski, V.; Hafezi-Nejad, N.; Haile, T.G.; Hamadeh, R.R.; Hamidi, S.; Hankey, G.J.; Hargono, A.; Hartono, R.K.; Hashemian, M.; Hashi, A.; Hassan, S.; Hassen, H.Y.; Havmoeller, R.J.; Hay, S.I.; Hayat, K.; Heidari, G.; Herteliu, C.; Holla, R.; Hosseini, M.; Hosseinzadeh, M.; Hostiuc, M.; Hostiuc, S.; Househ, M.; Huang, J.; Humayun, A.; Iavicoli, I.; Ibeneme, C.U.; Ibitoye, S.E.; Ilesanmi, O.S.; Ilic, I.M.; Ilic, M.D.; Iqbal, U.; Irvani, S.S.N.; Islam, S.M.S.; Islam, R.M.; Iso, H.; Iwagami, M.; Jain, V.; Javaheri, T.; Jayapal, S.K.; Jayaram, S.; Jayawardena, R.; Jeemon, P.; Jha, R.P.; Jonas, J.B.; Jonnagaddala, J.; Joukar, F.; Jozwiak, J.J.; Jürisson, M.; Kabir, A.; Kahlon, T.; Kalani, R.; Kalhor, R.; Kamath, A.; Kamel, I.; Kandel, H.; Kandel, A.; Karch, A.; Kasa, A.S.; Katoto, P.D.M.C.; Kayode, G.A.; Khader, Y.S.; Khammarnia, M.; Khan, M.S.; Khan, M.N.; Khan, M.; Khan, E.A.; Khatab, K.; Kibria, G.M.A.; Kim, Y.J.; Kim, G.R.; Kimokoti, R.W.; Kisa, S.; Kisa, A.; Kivimäki, M.; Kolte, D.; Koolivand, A.; Korshunov, V.A.; Koulmane Laxminarayana, S.L.; Koyanagi, A.; Krishan, K.; Krishnamoorthy, V.; Kuate Defo, B.; Kucuk Bicer, B.; Kulkarni, V.; Kumar, G.A.; Kumar, N.; Kurmi, O.P.; Kusuma, D.; Kwan, G.F.; La Vecchia, C.; Lacey, B.; Lallukka, T.; Lan, Q.; Lasrado, S.; Lassi, Z.S.; Lauriola, P.; Lawrence, W.R.; Laxmaiah, A.; LeGrand, K.E.; Li, M-C.; Li, B.; Li, S.; Lim, S.S.; Lim, L-L.; Lin, H.; Lin, Z.; Lin, R-T.; Liu, X.; Lopez, A.D.; Lorkowski, S.; Lotufo, P.A.; Lugo, A.; M, N.K.; Madotto, F.; Mahmoudi, M.; Majeed, A.; Malekzadeh, R.; Malik, A.A.; Mamun, A.A.; Manafi, N.; Mansournia, M.A.; Mantovani, L.G.; Martini, S.; Mathur, M.R.; Mazzaglia, G.; Mehata, S.; Mehndiratta, M.M.; Meier, T.; Menezes, R.G.; Meretoja, A.; Mestrovic, T.; Miazgowski, B.; Miazgowski, T.; Michalek, I.M.; Miller, T.R.; Mirrakhimov, E.M.; Mirzaei, H.; Moazen, B.; Moghadaszadeh, M.; Mohammad, Y.; Mohammad, D.K.; Mohammed, S.; Mohammed, M.A.; Mokhayeri, Y.; Molokhia, M.; Montasir, A.A.; Moradi, G.; Moradzadeh, R.; Moraga, P.; Morawska, L.; Moreno Velásquez, I.; Morze, J.; Mubarik, S.; Muruet, W.; Musa, K.I.; Nagarajan, A.J.; Nalini, M.; Nangia, V.; Naqvi, A.A.; Narasimha Swamy, S.; Nascimento, B.R.; Nayak, V.C.; Nazari, J.; Nazarzadeh, M.; Negoi, R.I.; Neupane Kandel, S.; Nguyen, H.L.T.; Nixon, M.R.; Norrving, B.; Noubiap, J.J.; Nouthe, B.E.; Nowak, C.; Odukoya, O.O.; Ogbo, F.A.; Olagunju, A.T.; Orru, H.; Ortiz, A.; Ostroff, S.M.; Padubidri, J.R.; Palladino, R.; Pana, A.; Panda-Jonas, S.; Parekh, U.; Park, E-C.; Parvizi, M.; Pashazadeh Kan, F.; Patel, U.K.; Pathak, M.; Paudel, R.; Pepito, V.C.F.; Perianayagam, A.; Perico, N.; Pham, H.Q.; Pilgrim, T.; Piradov, M.A.; Pishgar, F.; Podder, V.; Polibin, R.V.; Pourshams, A.; Pribadi, D.R.A.; Rabiee, N.; Rabiee, M.; Radfar, A.; Rafiei, A.; Rahim, F.; Rahimi-Movaghar, V.; Ur Rahman, M.H.; Rahman, M.A.; Rahmani, A.M.; Rakovac, I.; Ram, P.; Ramalingam, S.; Rana, J.; Ranasinghe, P.; Rao, S.J.; Rathi, P.; Rawal, L.; Rawasia, W.F.; Rawassizadeh, R.; Remuzzi, G.; Renzaho, A.M.N.; Rezapour, A.; Riahi, S.M.; Roberts-Thomson, R.L.; Roever, L.; Rohloff, P.; Romoli, M.; Roshandel, G.; Rwegerera, G.M.; Saadatagah, S.; Saber-Ayad, M.M.; Sabour, S.; Sacco, S.; Sadeghi, M.; Saeedi Moghaddam, S.; Safari, S.; Sahebkar, A.; Salehi, S.; Salimzadeh, H.; Samaei, M.; Samy, A.M.; Santos, I.S.; Santric-Milicevic, M.M.; Sarrafzadegan, N.; Sarveazad, A.; Sathish, T.; Sawhney, M.; Saylan, M.; Schmidt, M.I.; Schutte, A.E.; Senthilkumaran, S.; Sepanlou, S.G.; Sha, F.; Shahabi, S.; Shahid, I.; Shaikh, M.A.; Shamali, M.; Shamsizadeh, M.; Shawon, M.S.R.; Sheikh, A.; Shigematsu, M.; Shin, M-J.; Shin, J.I.; Shiri, R.; Shiue, I.; Shuval, K.; Siabani, S.; Siddiqi, T.J.; Silva, D.A.S.; Singh, J.A.; Mtech, A.S.; Skryabin, V.Y.; Skryabina, A.A.; Soheili, A.; Spurlock, E.E.; Stockfelt, L.; Stortecky, S.; Stranges, S.; Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R.; Tadbiri, H.; Tadesse, E.G.; Tadesse, D.B.; Tajdini, M.; Tariqujjaman, M.; Teklehaimanot, B.F.; Temsah, M-H.; Tesema, A.K.; Thakur, B.; Thankappan, K.R.; Thapar, R.; Thrift, A.G.; Timalsina, B.; Tonelli, M.; Touvier, M.; Tovani-Palone, M.R.; Tripathi, A.; Tripathy, J.P.; Truelsen, T.C.; Tsegay, G.M.; Tsegaye, G.W.; Tsilimparis, N.; Tusa, B.S.; Tyrovolas, S.; Umapathi, K.K.; Unim, B.; Unnikrishnan, B.; Usman, M.S.; Vaduganathan, M.; Valdez, P.R.; Vasankari, T.J.; Velazquez, D.Z.; Venketasubramanian, N.; Vu, G.T.; Vujcic, I.S.; Waheed, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, F.; Wei, J.; Weintraub, R.G.; Weldemariam, A.H.; Westerman, R.; Winkler, A.S.; Wiysonge, C.S.; Wolfe, C.D.A.; Wubishet, B.L.; Xu, G.; Yadollahpour, A.; Yamagishi, K.; Yan, L.L.; Yandrapalli, S.; Yano, Y.; Yatsuya, H.; Yeheyis, T.Y.; Yeshaw, Y.; Yilgwan, C.S.; Yonemoto, N.; Yu, C.; Yusefzadeh, H.; Zachariah, G.; Zaman, S.B.; Zaman, M.S.; Zamanian, M.; Zand, R.; Zandifar, A.; Zarghi, A.; Zastrozhin, M.S.; Zastrozhina, A.; Zhang, Z-J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhong, C.; Zou, Z.; Zuniga, Y.M.H.; Murray, C.J.L.; Fuster, V. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2020, 76(25), 2982-3021. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010 PMID: 33309175
  45. Heidenreich, P.A.; Albert, N.M.; Allen, L.A.; Bluemke, D.A.; Butler, J.; Fonarow, G.C.; Ikonomidis, J.S.; Khavjou, O.; Konstam, M.A.; Maddox, T.M.; Nichol, G.; Pham, M.; Piña, I.L.; Trogdon, J.G. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ. Heart Fail., 2013, 6(3), 606-619. doi: 10.1161/HHF.0b013e318291329a PMID: 23616602
  46. Gong, F.F.; Vaitenas, I.; Malaisrie, S.C.; Maganti, K. Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol., 2021, 6(3), 341-349. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3690 PMID: 33295949
  47. Sinnenberg, L.; Givertz, M.M. Acute heart failure. Trends. Cardiovasc. Med., 2020, 30(2), 104-112. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.03.007 PMID: 31006522
  48. Kannankeril, P.J.; Roden, D.M. Drug-induced long QT and torsade de pointes: Recent advances. Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 2007, 22(1), 39-43. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0b013e32801129eb PMID: 17143043
  49. Andrysiak, K.; Stępniewski, J.; Dulak, J. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, 3D cardiac structures, and heart-on-a-chip as tools for drug research. Pflugers. Arch., 2021, 473(7), 1061-1085. doi: 10.1007/s00424-021-02536-z PMID: 33629131
  50. Liu, C.; Feng, X.; Li, G.; Gokulnath, P.; Xiao, J. Generating 3D human cardiac constructs from pluripotent stem cells. EBioMedicine., 2022, 76, 103813. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103813 PMID: 35093634
  51. Chen, V.C.; Ye, J.; Shukla, P.; Hua, G.; Chen, D.; Lin, Z.; Liu, J.; Chai, J.; Gold, J.; Wu, J.; Hsu, D.; Couture, L.A. Development of a scalable suspension culture for cardiac differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res., 2015, 15(2), 365-375. doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.08.002 PMID: 26318718
  52. Shkumatov, A.; Baek, K.; Kong, H. Matrix rigidity-modulated cardiovascular organoid formation from embryoid bodies. PLoS. One., 2014, 9(4), e94764. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094764 PMID: 24732893
  53. Moorman, A.F.M.; Christoffels, V.M.; Anderson, R.H.; van den Hoff, M.J.B. The heart-forming fields: One or multiple? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 2007, 362(1484), 1257-1265. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2113 PMID: 17581808
  54. Sizarov, A.; Ya, J.; de Boer, B.A.; Lamers, W.H.; Christoffels, V.M.; Moorman, A.F.M. Formation of the building plan of the human heart: morphogenesis, growth, and differentiation. Circulation., 2011, 123(10), 1125-1135. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.980607 PMID: 21403123
  55. Harvey, R.P. Patterning the vertebrate heart. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2002, 3(7), 544-556. doi: 10.1038/nrg843 PMID: 12094232
  56. Lescroart, F.; Kelly, R.G.; Le Garrec, J.F.; Nicolas, J.F.; Meilhac, S.M.; Buckingham, M. Clonal analysis reveals common lineage relationships between head muscles and second heart field derivatives in the mouse embryo. Development, 2010, 137(19), 3269-3279. doi: 10.1242/dev.050674 PMID: 20823066
  57. Cohen-Gould, L.; Mikawa, T. The fate diversity of mesodermal cells within the heart field during chicken early embryogenesis. Dev. Biol., 1996, 177(1), 265-273. doi: 10.1006/dbio.1996.0161 PMID: 8660893
  58. Harris, I.S.; Black, B.L. Development of the endocardium. Pediatr. Cardiol., 2010, 31(3), 391-399. doi: 10.1007/s00246-010-9642-8 PMID: 20135106
  59. Bulatovic, I.; Månsson-Broberg, A.; Sylvén, C.; Grinnemo, K.H. Human fetal cardiac progenitors: The role of stem cells and progenitors in the fetal and adult heart. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 2016, 31, 58-68. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.008 PMID: 26421632
  60. Finnemore, A.; Groves, A. Physiology of the fetal and transitional circulation. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med., 2015, 20(4), 210-216. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2015.04.003 PMID: 25921445
  61. Morton, S.U.; Brodsky, D. Fetal physiology and the transition to extrauterine life. Clin. Perinatol., 2016, 43(3), 395-407. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2016.04.001 PMID: 27524443
  62. Banerjee, I.; Fuseler, J.W.; Price, R.L.; Borg, T.K.; Baudino, T.A. Determination of cell types and numbers during cardiac development in the neonatal and adult rat and mouse. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2007, 293(3), H1883-H1891. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00514.2007 PMID: 17604329
  63. Drakhlis, L.; Biswanath, S.; Farr, C.M.; Lupanow, V.; Teske, J.; Ritzenhoff, K.; Franke, A.; Manstein, F.; Bolesani, E.; Kempf, H.; Liebscher, S.; Schenke-Layland, K.; Hegermann, J.; Nolte, L.; Meyer, H.; de la Roche, J.; Thiemann, S.; Wahl-Schott, C.; Martin, U.; Zweigerdt, R. Human heart-forming organoids recapitulate early heart and foregut development. Nat. Biotechnol., 2021, 39(6), 737-746. doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-00815-9 PMID: 33558697
  64. Hofbauer, P.; Jahnel, S.M.; Papai, N.; Giesshammer, M.; Deyett, A.; Schmidt, C.; Penc, M.; Tavernini, K.; Grdseloff, N.; Meledeth, C.; Ginistrelli, L.C.; Ctortecka, C.; Šalic, Š.; Novatchkova, M.; Mendjan, S. Cardioids reveal self-organizing principles of human cardiogenesis. Cell., 2021, 184(12), 3299-3317.e22. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.034 PMID: 34019794
  65. Giacomelli, E.; Meraviglia, V.; Campostrini, G.; Cochrane, A.; Cao, X.; van Helden, R.W.J.; Krotenberg Garcia, A.; Mircea, M.; Kostidis, S.; Davis, R.P.; van Meer, B.J.; Jost, C.R.; Koster, A.J.; Mei, H.; Míguez, D.G.; Mulder, A.A.; Ledesma-Terrón, M.; Pompilio, G.; Sala, L.; Salvatori, D.C.F.; Slieker, R.C.; Sommariva, E.; de Vries, A.A.F.; Giera, M.; Semrau, S.; Tertoolen, L.G.J.; Orlova, V.V.; Bellin, M.; Mummery, C.L. Human-iPSC-derived cardiac stromal cells enhance maturation in 3D cardiac microtissues and reveal non-cardiomyocyte contributions to heart disease. Cell. Stem. Cell., 2020, 26(6), 862-879.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.05.004 PMID: 32459996
  66. Arslan, U.; Moruzzi, A.; Nowacka, J.; Mummery, C.L.; Eckardt, D.; Loskill, P.; Orlova, V.V. Microphysiological stem cell models of the human heart. Mater. Today. Bio., 2022, 14, 100259. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100259 PMID: 35514437
  67. Beauchamp, P.; Jackson, C.B.; Ozhathil, L.C.; Agarkova, I.; Galindo, C.L.; Sawyer, D.B.; Suter, T.M.; Zuppinger, C. 3D Co-culture of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes with cardiac fibroblasts improves tissue-like features of cardiac spheroids. Front. Mol. Biosci., 2020, 7, 14. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00014 PMID: 32118040
  68. Hoang, P.; Wang, J.; Conklin, B.R.; Healy, K.E.; Ma, Z. Generation of spatial-patterned early-developing cardiac organoids using human pluripotent stem cells. Nat. Protoc., 2018, 13(4), 723-737. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2018.006 PMID: 29543795
  69. Kupfer, M.E.; Lin, W.H.; Ravikumar, V.; Qiu, K.; Wang, L.; Gao, L.; Bhuiyan, D.B.; Lenz, M.; Ai, J.; Mahutga, R.R.; Townsend, D.; Zhang, J.; McAlpine, M.C.; Tolkacheva, E.G.; Ogle, B.M. In situ expansion, differentiation, and electromechanical coupling of human cardiac muscle in a 3d bioprinted, chambered organoid. Circ. Res., 2020, 127(2), 207-224. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.316155 PMID: 32228120
  70. Ma, Z.; Wang, J.; Loskill, P.; Huebsch, N.; Koo, S.; Svedlund, F.L.; Marks, N.C.; Hua, E.W.; Grigoropoulos, C.P.; Conklin, B.R.; Healy, K.E. Self-organizing human cardiac microchambers mediated by geometric confinement. Nat. Commun., 2015, 6(1), 7413. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8413 PMID: 26172574
  71. Mensah, G.A.; Roth, G.A.; Fuster, V. The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2019, 74(20), 2529-2532. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.009 PMID: 31727292
  72. Huch, M.; Knoblich, J.A.; Lutolf, M.P.; Martinez-Arias, A. The hope and the hype of organoid research. Development., 2017, 144(6), 938-941. doi: 10.1242/dev.150201 PMID: 28292837
  73. Hulot, J.S. Modeling cardiac arrhythmias with organoids. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2019, 73(18), 2325-2327. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.076 PMID: 31072577
  74. Liu, C.; Oikonomopoulos, A.; Sayed, N.; Wu, J.C. Modeling human diseases with induced pluripotent stem cells: From 2D to 3D and beyond. Development., 2018, 145(5), dev156166. doi: 10.1242/dev.156166 PMID: 29519889
  75. Voges, H.K.; Mills, R.J.; Elliott, D.A.; Parton, R.G.; Porrello, E.R.; Hudson, J.E. Development of a human cardiac organoid injury model reveals innate regenerative potential. Development., 2017, 144(6), dev.143966. doi: 10.1242/dev.143966 PMID: 28174241
  76. Tiburcy, M.; Hudson, J.E.; Balfanz, P.; Schlick, S.; Meyer, T.; Chang Liao, M.L.; Levent, E.; Raad, F.; Zeidler, S.; Wingender, E.; Riegler, J.; Wang, M.; Gold, J.D.; Kehat, I.; Wettwer, E.; Ravens, U.; Dierickx, P.; van Laake, L.W.; Goumans, M.J.; Khadjeh, S.; Toischer, K.; Hasenfuss, G.; Couture, L.A.; Unger, A.; Linke, W.A.; Araki, T.; Neel, B.; Keller, G.; Gepstein, L.; Wu, J.C.; Zimmermann, W.H. Defined engineered human myocardium with advanced maturation for applications in heart failure modeling and repair. Circulation., 2017, 135(19), 1832-1847. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024145 PMID: 28167635
  77. Long, C.; Li, H.; Tiburcy, M.; Rodriguez-Caycedo, C.; Kyrychenko, V.; Zhou, H.; Zhang, Y.; Min, Y.L.; Shelton, J.M.; Mammen, P.P.A.; Liaw, N.Y.; Zimmermann, W.H.; Bassel-Duby, R.; Schneider, J.W.; Olson, E.N. Correction of diverse muscular dystrophy mutations in human engineered heart muscle by single-site genome editing. Sci. Adv., 2018, 4(1), eaap9004. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9004 PMID: 29404407
  78. Nugraha, B.; Buono, M.F.; Emmert, M.Y. Modelling human cardiac diseases with 3D organoid. Eur. Heart J., 2018, 39(48), 4234-4237. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy765 PMID: 30576473
  79. Tzatzalos, E.; Abilez, O.J.; Shukla, P.; Wu, J.C. Engineered heart tissues and induced pluripotent stem cells: Macro- and microstructures for disease modeling, drug screening, and translational studies. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2016, 96, 234-244. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.09.010 PMID: 26428619
  80. Walsh, R.; Adler, A.; Amin, A.S.; Abiusi, E.; Care, M.; Bikker, H.; Amenta, S.; Feilotter, H.; Nannenberg, E.A.; Mazzarotto, F.; Trevisan, V.; Garcia, J.; Hershberger, R.E.; Perez, M.V.; Sturm, A.C.; Ware, J.S.; Zareba, W.; Novelli, V.; Wilde, A.A.M.; Gollob, M.H. Evaluation of gene validity for CPVT and short QT syndrome in sudden arrhythmic death. Eur. Heart J., 2022, 43(15), 1500-1510. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab687 PMID: 34557911
  81. Shinnawi, R.; Shaheen, N.; Huber, I.; Shiti, A.; Arbel, G.; Gepstein, A.; Ballan, N.; Setter, N.; Tijsen, A.J.; Borggrefe, M.; Gepstein, L. Modeling reentry in the short QT syndrome with human-induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiac cell sheets. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2019, 73(18), 2310-2324. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.055 PMID: 31072576
  82. Lan, F.; Lee, A.S.; Liang, P.; Sanchez-Freire, V.; Nguyen, P.K.; Wang, L.; Han, L.; Yen, M.; Wang, Y.; Sun, N.; Abilez, O.J.; Hu, S.; Ebert, A.D.; Navarrete, E.G.; Simmons, C.S.; Wheeler, M.; Pruitt, B.; Lewis, R.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Ashley, E.A.; Bers, D.M.; Robbins, R.C.; Longaker, M.T.; Wu, J.C. Abnormal calcium handling properties underlie familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy pathology in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell. Stem. Cell., 2013, 12(1), 101-113. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.10.010 PMID: 23290139
  83. Filippo Buono, M.; von Boehmer, L.; Strang, J.; Hoerstrup, S.P.; Emmert, M.Y.; Nugraha, B. Human cardiac organoids for modeling genetic cardiomyopathy. Cells., 2020, 9(7), 1733. doi: 10.3390/cells9071733 PMID: 32698471
  84. Lee, J.; Sutani, A.; Kaneko, R.; Takeuchi, J.; Sasano, T.; Kohda, T.; Ihara, K.; Takahashi, K.; Yamazoe, M.; Morio, T.; Furukawa, T.; Ishino, F. In vitro generation of functional murine heart organoids via FGF4 and extracellular matrix. Nat. Commun., 2020, 11(1), 4283. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18031-5 PMID: 32883967
  85. Vanderburgh, J.; Sterling, J.A.; Guelcher, S.A. 3D printing of tissue engineered constructs for in vitro modeling of disease progression and drug screening. Ann. Biomed. Eng., 2017, 45(1), 164-179. doi: 10.1007/s10439-016-1640-4 PMID: 27169894
  86. Eglen, R.M.; Randle, D.H. Drug discovery goes three-dimensional: Goodbye to flat high-throughput screening? Assay Drug Dev. Technol., 2015, 13(5), 262-265. doi: 10.1089/adt.2015.647 PMID: 26121065
  87. Martin, U. Pluripotent stem cells for disease modeling and drug screening: New perspectives for treatment of cystic fibrosis? Mol. Cell Pediatr., 2015, 2(1), 15. doi: 10.1186/s40348-015-0023-5 PMID: 26666881
  88. Forsythe, S.D.; Devarasetty, M.; Shupe, T.; Bishop, C.; Atala, A.; Soker, S.; Skardal, A. Environmental toxin screening using human-derived 3D bioengineered liver and cardiac organoids. Front. Public. Health., 2018, 6, 103. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00103 PMID: 29755963
  89. Skardal, A.; Aleman, J.; Forsythe, S.; Rajan, S.; Murphy, S.; Devarasetty, M.; Pourhabibi Zarandi, N.; Nzou, G.; Wicks, R.; Sadri-Ardekani, H.; Bishop, C.; Soker, S.; Hall, A.; Shupe, T.; Atala, A. Drug compound screening in single and integrated multi-organoid body-on-a-chip systems. Biofabrication., 2020, 12(2), 025017. doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6d36 PMID: 32101533
  90. Hynds, R.E.; Giangreco, A. Concise review: The relevance of human stem cell-derived organoid models for epithelial translational medicine. Stem. Cells., 2013, 31(3), 417-422. doi: 10.1002/stem.1290 PMID: 23203919
  91. Walsh, A.J.; Cook, R.S.; Sanders, M.E.; Arteaga, C.L.; Skala, M.C. Drug response in organoids generated from frozen primary tumor tissues. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6(1), 18889. doi: 10.1038/srep18889 PMID: 26738962
  92. Mills, R.J.; Parker, B.L.; Quaife-Ryan, G.A.; Voges, H.K.; Needham, E.J.; Bornot, A.; Ding, M.; Andersson, H.; Polla, M.; Elliott, D.A.; Drowley, L.; Clausen, M.; Plowright, A.T.; Barrett, I.P.; Wang, Q.D.; James, D.E.; Porrello, E.R.; Hudson, J.E. Drug screening in human PSC-cardiac organoids identifies pro-proliferative compounds acting via the mevalonate pathway. Cell. Stem. Cell., 2019, 24(6), 895-907.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.03.009 PMID: 30930147
  93. Archer, C.R.; Sargeant, R.; Basak, J.; Pilling, J.; Barnes, J.R.; Pointon, A. Characterization and validation of a human 3D cardiac microtissue for the assessment of changes in cardiac pathology. Sci. Rep., 2018, 8(1), 10160. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28393-y PMID: 29976997
  94. Ergir, E.; Oliver-De La Cruz, J.; Fernandes, S.; Cassani, M.; Niro, F.; Pereira-Sousa, D.; Vrbský, J.; Vinarský, V.; Perestrelo, A.R.; Debellis, D.; Vadovičová, N.; Uldrijan, S.; Cavalieri, F.; Pagliari, S.; Redl, H.; Ertl, P.; Forte, G. Generation and maturation of human iPSC-derived 3D organotypic cardiac microtissues in long-term culture. Sci. Rep., 2022, 12(1), 17409. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22225-w PMID: 36257968
  95. Takeda, M.; Miyagawa, S.; Fukushima, S.; Saito, A.; Ito, E.; Harada, A.; Matsuura, R.; Iseoka, H.; Sougawa, N.; Mochizuki-Oda, N.; Matsusaki, M.; Akashi, M.; Sawa, Y. Development of in vitro drug-induced cardiotoxicity assay by using three-dimensional cardiac tissues derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Tissue Eng. Part. C Methods., 2018, 24(1), 56-67. doi: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0247 PMID: 28967302
  96. Lewis-Israeli, Y.R.; Wasserman, A.H.; Gabalski, M.A.; Volmert, B.D.; Ming, Y.; Ball, K.A.; Yang, W.; Zou, J.; Ni, G.; Pajares, N.; Chatzistavrou, X.; Li, W.; Zhou, C.; Aguirre, A. Self-assembling human heart organoids for the modeling of cardiac development and congenital heart disease. Nat. Commun., 2021, 12(1), 5142. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25329-5 PMID: 34446706

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Bentham Science Publishers