Vol 31, No 5 (2024)
- Year: 2024
- Articles: 9
- URL: https://hum-ecol.ru/0929-8673/issue/view/10094
Anti-Infectives and Infectious Diseases
Imidazo[4,5-b]Pyridines: From Kinase Inhibitors to more Diversified Biological Properties
Abstract
Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines are amongst the oldest known heteroaromatic derivatives. Their structural similarity with purine basis has however aroused the curiosity of biologists and resulted in the developments of innovative bioactive compounds. This review thus firstly describes the main synthetic ways currently used to produce imidazo[ 4,5-b]pyridine derivatives, and secondly gives examples of their potential, especially focusing on protein inhibition abilities, thus opening the way to applications as anti-cancer or antimicrobial agents.



Development of Neuroprotective Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease using Conjugates of Serotonin with Sesquiterpene Lactones
Abstract
Background:Sesquiterpene lactones are secondary plant metabolites with a wide variety of biological activities. The process of lactone conjugation to other pharmacophores can increase the efficacy and specificity of the conjugated agent effect on molecular targets in various diseases, including brain pathologies. Derivatives of biogenic indoles, including neurotransmitter serotonin, are of considerable interest as potential pharmacophores. Most of these compounds have neurotropic activity and, therefore, can be used in the synthesis of new drugs with neuroprotective properties.
Aim:The aim of this experimental synthesis was to generate potential treatment agents for Alzheimer's disease using serotonin conjugated with natural sesquiterpene lactones.
Methods:Three novel compounds were obtained via the Michael reaction and used for biological testing. The obtained conjugates demonstrated complex neuroprotective activities. Serotonin conjugated to isoalantolactone exhibited strong antioxidant and mitoprotective activities.
Results:The agent was also found to inhibit β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), prevent the aggregation of β-amyloid peptide 1-42, and protect SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from neurotoxins such as glutamate and H2O2. In a transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease (5xFAD line), the conjugated agent restored declined cognitive functions and improved learning and memory.
Conclusion:In conclusion, the obtained results indicate that serotonin conjugates to sesquiterpene lactones are promising agents for the treatment of symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease.



Novel and Latest Computational Routes in the Design and Development of Anticancer Drugs



Novel Computational Methods for Cancer Drug Design
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and debilitating disease that is one of the leading causes of death in the modern world. Computational methods have contributed to the successful design and development of several drugs. The recent advances in computational methodology, coupled with the avalanche of data being acquired through high throughput genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, are likely to increase the contribution of computational methods toward the development of more effective treatments for cancer. Recent advances in the application of neural networks for the prediction of the native conformation of proteins have provided structural information regarding the complete human proteome. In addition, advances in machine learning and network pharmacology have provided novel methods for target identification and for the utilization of biological, pharmacological, and clinical databases for the design and development of drugs. This is a review of the key advances in computational methods that have the potential for application in the design and development of drugs for cancer.



The Efficient Activity of Glabridin and its Derivatives Against EGFRmediated Inhibition of Breast Cancer
Abstract
Background:Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most typical causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has been increasingly associated with BC development and resistance to cytotoxic drugs. Due to its significant association with tumour metastasis and poor prognosis, EGFR-mediated signaling has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in BC. Mainly in all BC cases, mutant cells over-expresses EGFR. Certain synthetic drugs are already used to inhibit the EGFR-mediated pathway to cease metastasis, with several phytocompounds also revealing great chemopreventive activities.
Methods:This study used chemo-informatics to predict an effective drug from some selected phytocompounds. The synthetic drugs and the organic compounds were individually screened for their binding affinities, with EGFR being the target protein using molecular docking techniques.
Results:The binding energies were compared to those of synthetic drugs. Among phytocompounds, Glabridin (phytocompound of Glycyrrhiza glabra) manifested the best dock value of -7.63 Kcal/mol, comparable to that of the highly effective anti-cancer drug Afatinib. The glabridin derivatives also exhibited comparable dock values.
Conclusion:The AMES properties deciphered the non-toxic features of the predicted compound. Pharmacophore modeling and in silico cytotoxicity predictions also exhibited a superior result assuring their drug likeliness. Therefore, Glabridin can be conceived as a promising therapeutic method to inhibit EGFR-mediated BC.



Structure-based Virtual Screening, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Metabolic Reactivity Studies of Quinazoline Derivatives for their Anti-EGFR Activity Against Tumor Angiogenesis
Abstract
Background:Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER-1) and its role in tumor development and progression through the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis is prevalent in non-small lung cancer, head and neck cancer, cholangiocarcinoma & glioblastoma. Previous treatments targeting the oncogenic activity of EGFR's kinase domain have been hindered by acquired mutational resistance and side effects from existing drugs like erlotinib, highlighting the need for new EGFR inhibitors through structure- based drug designing.
Objective:The research aims to develop novel quinazoline derivatives through structure-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation to potentially interact with EGFR's kinase domain and impede tumor angiogenic phenomenon.
Methods:Quinazoline derivatives were retrieved and filtered from the PubChem database using structure- based virtual screening and the Lipinski rule of five drug-likeness studies. Molecular docking-based virtual screening methods and molecular dynamics simulation were then carried out to identify top leads.
Results:A total of 1000 quinazoline derivatives were retrieved, with 671 compounds possessing druglike properties after applying Lipinski filters. Further filtration using ADME and toxicity filters yielded 28 compounds with good pharmacokinetic profiles. Docking-based virtual screening identified seven compounds with better binding scores than the control drug, dacomitinib. After cross-checking binding scores, three top compounds QU524, QU571, and QU297 were selected for molecular dynamics simulation study of 100 ns interval using Desmond module of Schrodinger maestro to understand their conformational stability.
Conclusion:The research results showed that the selected quinazoline leads exhibited better binding affinity and conformational stability than the control drug, erlotinib. These compounds also had good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and did not violate Lipinskis rule of five limits. The findings suggest that these leads have the potential to target EGFR's kinase domain and inhibit the EGFR-associated phenomenon of tumor angiogenesis.



Pharmacophore & QSAR Guided Design, Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics and In vitro Evaluation of Curcumin Analogs for Anticancer Activity
Abstract
Background:As a part of our discovery of plant-based lead molecules, we provide a helpful tool, which helps in identification, designing, optimising, structural modifications, and prediction of curcumin, to discover novel analogs with enhanced bioavailability, pharmacologically safe, and anticancer potential.
Methods:QSAR (Quantitative structure-activity relationship) and pharmacophore mapping models were developed and further used to design, synthesize, pharmacokinetics, and in vitro evaluation of curcumin analogs for anticancer activity.
Results:The QSAR model yielded a high activity-descriptors relationship accuracy (r2) of 84%, a high activity prediction accuracy (rcv2) of 81%, and external set prediction accuracy of 89%. The QSAR study indicates that the five chemical descriptors were significantly correlated with anticancer activity. The important pharmacophore features identified were a hydrogen bond acceptor, a hydrophobic centre, and a negative ionizable centre. The model's predictive ability was evaluated against a set of chemically synthesized curcumin analogs. Among the tested compounds, nine curcumin analogs were found with IC50 values of 0.10 to 1.86 µg/mL. The active analogs were assessed for pharmacokinetics compliance. EGFR was identified as a potential target of synthesized active curcumin analogs through docking studies.
Conclusion:Integrating in silico design, QSAR-driven virtual screening, chemical synthesis, and experimental in vitro evaluation may lead to the early discovery of novel and promising anticancer compounds from natural sources. The developed QSAR model and common pharmacophore generation were used as a designing and predictive tool to develop novel curcumin analogs. This study may help optimize the therapeutic relationships of studied compounds for further drug development and their potential safety concerns. This study may guide compound selection and designing novel active chemical scaffolds or new combinatorial libraries of the curcumin series.



Generation of Autoantibodies in Metal-catalyzed Oxidatively Damaged DNA in Various Cancer Subjects
Abstract
Background:Free radicals exist as unstable and highly reactive substances, occurring both in and outside the body. Free radicals are labeled as electron-hungry molecules formed from metabolism and endogenous burning of oxygen. They are transported in cells, upsetting the arrangement of molecules and instigating cellular injury. Hydroxyl radical (OH) is one of the highly reactive free radicals, which damages the biomolecules in its close vicinity.
Methods:In the present study, DNA was modified by the hydroxyl radical generated via the Fenton reaction. The OH-oxidized/-modified DNA (Ox-DNA) was characterized by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Thermal denaturation was performed to reveal the susceptibility of modified DNA toward heat. The role of Ox-DNA was also established in probing the presence of autoantibodies against Ox-DNA in the sera of cancer patients by direct binding ELISA. The specificity of autoantibodies was also checked by inhibition ELISA.
Results:In biophysical characterization, an increase in hyperchromicity and relative reduction of fluorescence intensity for Ox-DNA was reported compared to the native DNA analog. A thermal denaturation study revealed that Ox-DNA was highly susceptible to heat in comparison to the native conformers. The direct binding ELISA showed the prevalence of autoantibodies from cancer patient sera separated for immunoassay detection against the Ox-DNA. The generated autoantibodies against the Ox-DNA were detected as highly specific against bladder, head, neck, and lung cancer, which was further confirmed by the inhibition ELISA for the serum and IgG antibodies.
Conclusion:The generated neoepitopes on DNA molecules are recognized as nonself by the immune system, which leads to the formation of autoantibodies in cancer patients. Therefore, our study confirmed that oxidative stress plays a role in the structural perturbation of DNA and makes it immunogenic.



Integrated High-throughput Transcriptomic Data Identifies Survivin as a Potential Breast Cancer Therapeutic Biomarker
Abstract
Background:Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Advanced stages are usually obstinate with chemotherapy, resulting in a poor prognosis; however, they are treatable if diagnosed early.
Objective:Identifying biomarkers that can detect cancer early or have therapeutic significance is imperative.
Methods:Herein, a comprehensive bioinformatics-based transcriptomics study of breast cancer for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by a screening of potential compounds by molecular docking, was performed. Genome-wide mRNA expression data of breast cancer patients (n=248) and controls (n=65) were retrieved from the GEO database for meta-analysis. Statistically significant DEGs were used for enrichment analysis based on ingenuity pathway analysis and protein-protein network analysis.
Results:A total of 3096 unique DEGs (965 up-regulated and 2131 down-regulated) were mapped as biologically relevant. The most upregulated genes were COL10A1, COL11A1, TOP2A, BIRC5 (survivin), MMP11, S100P, RARA, and the most downregulated genes were ADIPOQ, LEP, CFD, PCK1 and HBA2. Transcriptomic and molecular pathway analyses identified BIRC5/survivin as a significant DEG. Kinetochore metaphase signaling is recognized as a prominent dysregulated canonical pathway. Protein-protein interaction study revealed that KIF2C, KIF20A, KIF23, CDCA8, AURKA, AURKB, INCENP, CDK1, BUB1 and CENPA are BIRC5-associated proteins. Molecular docking was performed to exhibit binding interactions with multiple natural ligands.
Conclusion:BIRC5 is a promising predictive marker and a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. Further large-scale studies are required to correlate the significance of BIRC5 in breast cancer, leading to a step toward the clinical translation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic options.


