Changing Trends Towards Herbal Supplements: An Insight into Safety and Herb-drug Interaction


Цитировать

Полный текст

Аннотация

Herbs have been used as sustenance and medicine for a very long time, often in conjunction with other prescribed medications. Even though they are thought to be natural and secure, many of these herbs can interact with other medications and cause potentially dangerous adverse effects or decrease the benefits of the medication. The complex and diverse pharmacological functions carried out by the active ingredients in herbs unavoidably alter the pharmacokinetics of chemical drugs when administered in vivo. Drug transporter expression has a direct impact on how medications are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in living organisms. Changes in substrate pharmacokinetics can affect the effectiveness and toxicity of a drug when the active ingredients of a herb inhibit or stimulate the expression of transporters. By reviewing published clinical and preclinical studies, this review aims to raise awareness of herbdrug interactions and discuss their evidence-based mechanisms and clinical consequences. More clinical information on herb-drug interactions is required to make choices regarding patient safety as the incidence and severity of herb-drug interactions are rising due to an increase in the use of herbal preparations globally.This review seeks to increase understanding of herb-drug interactions and explore their evidence-based mechanisms and clinical implications by reviewing published clinical and preclinical studies. The incidence and severity of herb-drug interactions are on the rise due to an increase in the use of herbal preparations worldwide, necessitating the need for more clinical data on these interactions in order to make decisions regarding patient safety. Healthcare workers and patients will become more alert to potential interactions as their knowledge of pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions grows. The study's objective is to raise readers' awareness of possible interactions between herbal supplements and prescription medications who regularly take them.

Об авторах

Haamid Rasheed

Department of Quality Assurance, Indo Soviet Friendship (ISF), College of Pharmacy

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Suhail Ahmed

Department of Quality Assurance, Indo Soviet Friendship (ISF), College of Pharmacy

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Alok Sharma

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, MIET

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Список литературы

  1. Lim, J.; Wong, M.; Chan, M.Y.; Tan, A.M.; Rajalingam, V.; Lim, L.P.N.; Lou, J.; Tan, C.L. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in paediatric oncology patients in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap., 2006, 35(11), 753-758. doi: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V35N11p753 PMID: 17160187
  2. Shahriar, S.; Rana, M.S.; Hossain, M.S.; Karim, A.; Mredula, T.N.; Nourin, N.; Uddin, M.S.; Amran, M.S. COVID-19: Epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and impact. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2021, 27(33), 3502-3525. doi: 10.2174/1381612827666210224142446 PMID: 33655825
  3. Wachtel-Galor, S.; Benzie, I.F.F. Chapter 1 Herbal medicine. In: Herbal medicine: Biomolecular and clinical aspects; 2nd ed.; Benzie, IFF.; Wachtel-Galor, S., Eds.; CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.: Boca Raton (FL), 2013.
  4. Krause, J.; Tobin, G. Discovery, development, and regulation of natural products. In: Using old solutions to new problems-natural drug discovery in the 21st century; IntechOpen, 2013; 1, p. 1-35.
  5. Corbo, M.R.; Bevilacqua, A.; Petruzzi, L.; Casanova, F.P.; Sinigaglia, M. Functional beverages: The emerging side of functional foods: Commercial trends, research, and health implications. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 2014, 13(6), 1192-1206. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12109
  6. Deneffe, D.; Vantrappen, H. Fad-free strategy: Rigorous methods to help executives make strategic choices confidently, 1st ed; Routledge: London, 2019, p. 320. doi: 10.4324/9780429281983
  7. Trupti, Parab Aditi Chorage; Kajal Kesharvani; Nameerah Rakhe; Rakhe, N.; Shaikh, K.A. Ayurvedic remedies of tuberculosis. World J. Adv. Res. Rev., 2021, 11(3), 280-290. doi: 10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.3.0466
  8. Alissa, E.M. Medicinal herbs and therapeutic drugs interactions. Ther. Drug Monit., 2014, 36(4), 413-422. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000035 PMID: 24452064
  9. Komoroski, B.J.; Zhang, S.; Cai, H.; Hutzler, J.M.; Frye, R.; Tracy, T.S.; Strom, S.C.; Lehmann, T.; Ang, C.Y.W.; Cui, Y.Y.; Venkataramanan, R. Induction and inhibition of cytochromes P450 by the St. John’s wort constituent hyperforin in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metab. Dispos., 2004, 32(5), 512-518. doi: 10.1124/dmd.32.5.512 PMID: 15100173
  10. Delafuente, J.C. Understanding and preventing drug interactions in elderly patients. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 2003, 48(2), 133-143. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.04.004 PMID: 14607376
  11. McRorie, J.W., Jr; McKeown, N.M. Understanding the physics of functional fibers in the gastrointestinal tract: An evidence-based approach to resolving enduring misconceptions about insoluble and soluble fiber. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 2017, 117(2), 251-264. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.021 PMID: 27863994
  12. Zafar, N.; Pharm, M. Herbal bioenhancers: A revolutionary concept in modern medicine. Zafar World J. Pharmaceut. Res., 2017, 6(16), 381-397.
  13. Efferth, T.; Koch, E. Complex interactions between phytochemicals. The multi-target therapeutic concept of phytotherapy. Curr. Drug Targets, 2011, 12(1), 122-132. doi: 10.2174/138945011793591626 PMID: 20735354
  14. Dhanya, R.; Shukla, A.K. Drug interactions between ayurvedic and allopathic medicines–A review. World J. Pharm. Res., 2017, 6, 478-486.
  15. Elvin-Lewis, M. Safety issues associated with herbal ingredients. Adv. Food Nutr. Res., 2005, 50, 219-313. doi: 10.1016/S1043-4526(05)50007-X PMID: 16263432
  16. Li, J.; Wang, S.; Tian, F.; Zhang, S.Q.; Jin, H. Advances in pharmacokinetic mechanisms of transporter-mediated herb-drug interactions. Pharmaceuticals, 2022, 15(9), 1126. doi: 10.3390/ph15091126 PMID: 36145347
  17. Akhter, M. Herbal drug interactions. In: Research anthology on recent advancements in ethnopharmacology and nutraceuticals; IGI Global, 2022; pp. 120-141. doi: 10.4018/978-1-6684-3546-5.ch008
  18. Khanna, K.; Kohli, S.K.; Kaur, R.; Bhardwaj, A.; Bhardwaj, V.; Ohri, P.; Sharma, A.; Ahmad, A.; Bhardwaj, R.; Ahmad, P. Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle. Phytomedicine, 2021, 85, 153361. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361 PMID: 33485605
  19. Necyk, C. The detection and causality assessment of adverse events related to natural health product use in community pharmacies through the implementation of active surveillance; University of Alberta: Canada, 2013.
  20. Rombolà, L.; Scuteri, D.; Marilisa, S.; Watanabe, C.; Morrone, L.A.; Bagetta, G.; Corasaniti, M.T. Pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal medicines and drugs: Their mechanisms and clinical relevance. Life, 2020, 10(7), 106. doi: 10.3390/life10070106 PMID: 32635538
  21. Jamei, M.; Dickinson, G.L.; Rostami-Hodjegan, A. A framework for assessing inter-individual variability in pharmacokinetics using virtual human populations and integrating general knowledge of physical chemistry, biology, anatomy, physiology and genetics: A tale of ‘bottom-up’ vs ‘top-down’ recognition of covariates. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 2009, 24(1), 53-75. doi: 10.2133/dmpk.24.53 PMID: 19252336
  22. Egbuna, C. Ed. Coronavirus drug discovery: Volume 2: Antiviral agents from natural products and nanotechnological applications; 1st ed.; Elsevier, 2022.
  23. Aware, D.; Rohane, S. A role of herbal drug as an immunity booster during covid-19 pandemic. Asian J. Pharmaceut. Res., 2021, 11(3), 206-211. doi: 10.52711/2231-5691.2021.00037
  24. Spolarich, A.E.; Andrews, L. An examination of the bleeding complications associated with herbal supplements, antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. Association, 2007, 81(3), 67-67. PMID: 17908423
  25. Fetrow, C.W.; Avila, J.R. The complete guide to herbal medicines; Simon and Schuster, 2000, p. 720.
  26. Otunola, G.A.; Afolayan, A.J. A review of the antidiabetic activities of ginger. In: Ginger cultivation and its antimicrobial and pharmacological potentials; IntechOpen, 2019.
  27. Sepahvand, R.; Esmaeili-Mahani, S.; Arzi, A.; Rasoulian, B.; Abbasnejad, M. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) elicits antinociceptive properties and potentiates morphine-induced analgesia in the rat radiant heat tail-flick test. J. Med. Food, 2010, 13(6), 1397-1401. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1043 PMID: 21091253
  28. Corzomartínez, M.; Corzo, N.; Villamiel, M. Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2007, 18(12), 609-625. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.011
  29. Thomford, N.; Dzobo, K.; Chopera, D.; Wonkam, A.; Skelton, M.; Blackhurst, D.; Chirikure, S.; Dandara, C. Pharmacogenomics implications of using herbal medicinal plants on African populations in health transition. Pharmaceuticals, 2015, 8(3), 637-663. doi: 10.3390/ph8030637 PMID: 26402689
  30. Mohamed, J.M.M.; Alqahtani, A.; Kumar, T.V.A.; Fatease, A.A.; Alqahtani, T.; Krishnaraju, V.; Ahmad, F.; Menaa, F.; Alamri, A.; Muthumani, R.; Vijaya, R. Superfast synthesis of stabilized silver nanoparticles using aqueous Allium sativum (garlic) extract and isoniazid hydrazide conjugates: Molecular docking and in-vitro characterizations. Molecules, 2021, 27(1), 110. doi: 10.3390/molecules27010110 PMID: 35011342
  31. Al-Thubiani, W.; Abuzinadah, O.; El-Aziz, G.A. The potential protective role of betanin and allicin against adriamycin induced cardiotoxicity in rats; LAP Lambert Academic, 2021, p. 144.
  32. Patel, J.A.; Gohil, K.J. Warfarin-herb interactions: A review and study based on assessment of clinical case reports in literature. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat., 2008, 7(2), 85-99.
  33. Gupta, R.C.; Chang, D.; Nammi, S.; Bensoussan, A.; Bilinski, K.; Roufogalis, B.D. Interactions between antidiabetic drugs and herbs: An overview of mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr., 2017, 9(1), 59. doi: 10.1186/s13098-017-0254-9 PMID: 28770011
  34. Tiwari, A.; Mahadik, K.R.; Gabhe, S.Y. Piperine: A comprehensive review of methods of isolation, purification, and biological properties. Med. Drug Discov., 2020, 7, 100027. doi: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100027
  35. Bialer, M.; Johannessen, S.I.; Kupferberg, H.J.; Levy, R.H.; Loiseau, P.; Perucca, E. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Sixth Eilat Conference (EILAT VI). Epilepsy Res., 2002, 51(1-2), 31-71. doi: 10.1016/S0920-1211(02)00106-7 PMID: 12350382
  36. Ulbricht, C.; Chao, W.; Costa, D.; Rusie-Seamon, E.; Weissner, W.; Woods, J. Clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions: A systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration. Curr. Drug Metab., 2008, 9(10), 1063-1120. doi: 10.2174/138920008786927785 PMID: 19075623
  37. Marchetti, S.; Mazzanti, R.; Beijnen, J.H.; Schellens, J.H.M. Concise review: Clinical relevance of drug drug and herb drug interactions mediated by the ABC transporter ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein). Oncologist, 2007, 12(8), 927-941. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.12-8-927 PMID: 17766652
  38. Jin, M.J.; Han, H.K. Effect of piperine, a major component of black pepper, on the intestinal absorption of fexofenadine and its implication on food-drug interaction. J. Food Sci., 2010, 75(3), H93-H96. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01542.x PMID: 20492299
  39. Debjit Bhowmik, C.; Kumar, K.S.; Chandira, M.; Jayakar, B. Turmeric: A herbal and traditional medicine. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2009, 1(2), 86-108.
  40. Fung, F.Y.; Wong, W.H.; Ang, S.K.; Koh, H.L.; Kun, M.C.; Lee, L.H.; Li, X.; Ng, H.J.; Tan, C.W.; Zhao, Y.; Linn, Y.C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study on the antihaemostatic effects of Curcuma longa, Angelica sinensis and Panax ginseng. Phytomedicine, 2017, 32, 88-96. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.004 PMID: 28732813
  41. Oza, N. Effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on postprandial glycemia in healthy, non-diabetic adults; Arizona State University, 2017.
  42. Litton, J.K.; Rugo, H.S.; Ettl, J.; Hurvitz, S.A.; Gonçalves, A.; Lee, K.H.; Fehrenbacher, L.; Yerushalmi, R.; Mina, L.A.; Martin, M.; Roché, H.; Im, Y.H.; Quek, R.G.W.; Markova, D.; Tudor, I.C.; Hannah, A.L.; Eiermann, W.; Blum, J.L. Talazoparib in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. N. Engl. J. Med., 2018, 379(8), 753-763. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802905 PMID: 30110579
  43. Bahmani, M.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M.; Jeloudari, M.; Eftekhari, Z.; Delfan, B.; Zargaran, A.; Forouzan, S. A review of the health effects and uses of drugs of plant licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) in Iran. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2014, 4, S847-S849. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60742-8
  44. Spiteri Staines, S. Herbal medicines: Adverse effects and drug-herb interactions. J. Malta Coll. Pharm. Pract., 2011, 17, 38-42.
  45. Yang, L.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Hou, J.; Tian, S.; Liu, Y. The antidiabetic activity of licorice, a widely used Chinese herb. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2020, 263, 113216. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113216 PMID: 32763420
  46. de Klerk, G.J.; Nieuwenhuis, M.G.; Beutler, J.J. Lesson of the week: Hypokalaemia and hypertension associated with use of liquorice flavoured chewing gum. BMJ, 1997, 314(7082), 731-732. doi: 10.1136/bmj.314.7082.731 PMID: 9116553
  47. Coxeter, P.; McLachlan, A.; Duke, C.; Roufogalis, B. Herb-drug interactions: An evidence based approach. Curr. Med. Chem., 2004, 11(11), 1513-1525. doi: 10.2174/0929867043365198 PMID: 15180581
  48. Ismail, M.Y.M. Herb-drug interactions and patient counseling. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2009, 1(S1), S151-S161.
  49. Kwon, Y.J.; Son, D.H.; Chung, T.H.; Lee, Y.J. A review of the pharmacological efficacy and safety of licorice root from corroborative clinical trial findings. J. Med. Food, 2020, 23(1), 12-20. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4459 PMID: 31874059
  50. Bilal, A.; Jahan, N.; Ahmed, A.; Bilal, S.N.; Habib, S.; Hajra, S. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Ocimum basilicum Linn-A review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev., 2012, 4(23), 73-83.
  51. Fernandez, R.A.V.; Reformina, G.N. In vitro antiplatelet activity of Ocimum basilicum (basil) leaf extract. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338853916_IN_VITRO_ANTIPLATELET_ACTIVITY_OF_Ocimum_basilicum_basil_LEAF_EXTRACT
  52. Pandey, G.; Madhuri, S. Pharmacological activities of Ocimum sanctum (tulsi): A review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2010, 5(1), 61-66.
  53. Girish, K.; Shankara, B.S. Neem–a green treasure. Electron. J. Biol., 2008, 4(3), 102-111.
  54. Uzzaman, S. Pharmacological activities of neem (Azadirachta indica): A review. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Life Sci., 2020, 1(1), 38-41. doi: 10.33545/27072827.2020.v1.i1a.8
  55. Patil, P.; Patil, S.; Mane, A.; Verma, S. Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic extract of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) root bark. Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2013, 3(2), 142. doi: 10.5455/njppp.2013.3.134-138
  56. Shipley, D. Neem (Azadirachta indica) Oil. Aromather. J., 2019.
  57. Leary, W.P.; Reyes, A.J. Drug interactions with diuretics. S. Afr. Med. J., 1984, 65(12), 455-461. PMID: 6701709
  58. Chacko, S.M.; Thambi, P.T.; Kuttan, R.; Nishigaki, I. Beneficial effects of green tea: A literature review. Chin. Med., 2010, 5(1), 13. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-13 PMID: 20370896
  59. Hilal, Y.; Engelhardt, U. Characterisation of white tea – Comparison to green and black tea. J. Verbr. Lebensm., 2007, 2(4), 414-421. doi: 10.1007/s00003-007-0250-3
  60. Marko, V. Ed. Determination of beta-blockers in biological material: Evaluation of analytical methods in biological systems, 1st ed; Elsevier, 2013.
  61. Heck, A.M.; DeWitt, B.A.; Lukes, A.L. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 2000, 57(13), 1221-1227. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/57.13.1221 PMID: 10902065
  62. Ezzeldin, E.; Asiri, Y.A.; Iqbal, M. Effects of green tea extracts on the pharmacokinetics of quetiapine in rats. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2015, 2015, 1-4. doi: 10.1155/2015/615285 PMID: 25793001
  63. Maher, H.M.; Alzoman, N.Z.; Shehata, S.M.; Abahussain, A.O. UPLC–ESI–MS/MS study of the effect of green tea extract on the oral bioavailability of erlotinib and lapatinib in rats: Potential risk of pharmacokinetic interaction. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2017, 1049-1050, 30-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.02.029 PMID: 28260629
  64. Sharma, S. Role of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) in the treatment of neurological disorders. Curr. Nutr. Food Sci., 2023, 19(2), 158-165. doi: 10.2174/1573401318666220415084108
  65. Mishra, S.K.; Venkatachalapathy, B.A.; Khanli, H.M. Safety and efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). In: Neuroprotective natural products: Clinical aspects and mode of action; Brahmachari, G., Ed.; Wiley Online Library, 2017; pp. 313-319.
  66. Savage, K.; Firth, J.; Stough, C.; Sarris, J. GABA-modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Phytother. Res., 2018, 32(1), 3-18. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5940 PMID: 29168225
  67. Krutika, J.; Tavhare, S.; Panara, K.; Kumar, P.; Karra, N. Studies of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera dunal). Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch., 2016, 7(1), 1-11.
  68. Kelly, G.S. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones: A review. Altern. Med. Rev., 2000, 5(4), 306-333. PMID: 10956378
  69. Hyun, S.H.; Kim, S.W.; Seo, H.W.; Youn, S.H.; Kyung, J.S.; Lee, Y.Y.; In, G.; Park, C.K.; Han, C.K. Physiological and pharmacological features of the non-saponin components in Korean Red Ginseng. J. Ginseng Res., 2020, 44(4), 527-537. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.005 PMID: 32617032
  70. Ratan, Z.A.; Haidere, M.F.; Hong, Y.H.; Park, S.H.; Lee, J.O.; Lee, J.; Cho, J.Y. Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides. J. Ginseng Res., 2021, 45(2), 199-210. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.004 PMID: 33841000
  71. Kessler, R.C.; Berglund, P.; Demler, O. Mood disorders: Bipolar and major depressive disorders. JAMA, 2003, 289(23), 3095-3105. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 PMID: 12813115
  72. John, O.O.; Amarachi, I.S.; Chinazom, A.P.; Adaeze, E.; Kale, M.B.; Umare, M.D.; Upaganlawar, A.B. Phytotherapy: A promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol. Res. - Modern Chinese Med., 2022, 2, 100030. doi: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2021.100030
  73. Reay, J.L.; Kennedy, D.O.; Scholey, A.B. Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity. J. Psychopharmacol., 2005, 19(4), 357-365. doi: 10.1177/0269881105053286 PMID: 15982990
  74. Snyder, R.W.; Berns, J.S. Use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic medications in patients with diabetes mellitus and advanced kidney disease. Semin. Dial., 2004, 17(5), 365-370. doi: 10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17346.x PMID: 15461745
  75. Kiefer, D.; Pantuso, T. Panax ginseng. Am. Fam. Physician, 2003, 68(8), 1539-1542. PMID: 14596440
  76. Ge, B.; Zhang, Z.; Zuo, Z. Updates on the clinical evidenced herb-warfarin interactions. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2014, 2014, 1-18. doi: 10.1155/2014/957362 PMID: 24790635
  77. Cohen, S. Drug Muggers: Which Medications are Robbing Your Body of Essential Nutrients--and Natural Ways to Restore Them; Rodale Books, 2011.
  78. Gallicano, K.; Foster, B.; Choudhri, S. Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 55(2), 199-202. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01736.x PMID: 12580992
  79. Wanwimolruk, S.; Prachayasittikul, V. Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 1). EXCLI J., 2014, 13, 347-391. PMID: 26417265
  80. Gurley, B.J.; Gardner, S.F.; Hubbard, M.A.; Williams, D.K.; Gentry, W.B.; Carrier, J.; Khan, I.A.; Edwards, D.J.; Shah, A. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2004, 76(5), 428-440. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.07.007 PMID: 15536458
  81. Surana, A.R.; Agrawal, S.P.; Kumbhare, M.R.; Gaikwad, S.B. Current perspectives in herbal and conventional drug interactions based on clinical manifestations. Future J. Pharmaceut. Sci., 2021, 7(1), 103. doi: 10.1186/s43094-021-00256-w
  82. Lesho, E.P.; Saullo, L.; Udvari-Nagy, S.A. 76-year-old woman with erratic anticoagulation. Cleve. Clin. J. Med., 2004, 71(8), 651-656. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.71.8.651 PMID: 15449760
  83. Shalansky, S.; Lynd, L.; Richardson, K. Ingaszewski, Kerr, A. C. Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis. Pharmacotherapy, 2007, 27(9), 1237-1247. doi: 10.1592/phco.27.9.1237
  84. Louati, N.; Turki, F.; Mnif, H.; Frikha, R. MDR1 gene polymorphisms and imatinib response in chronic myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis. J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract., 2022, 28(1), 39-48. doi: 10.1177/1078155220981150 PMID: 33565361
  85. Das, S.; Tanwar, J.; Hameed, S.; Fatima, Z.; Manesar, G. Antimicrobial potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): A green tea polyphenol. J. Biochem. Pharmacol. Res., 2014, 2(3), 167-174.
  86. Werba, J.P.; Giroli, M.; Cavalca, V.; Nava, M.C.; Tremoli, E.; Dal Bo, L. The effect of green tea on simvastatin tolerability. Ann. Intern. Med., 2008, 149(4), 286-287. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-149-4-200808190-00019 PMID: 18711168

Дополнительные файлы

Доп. файлы
Действие
1. JATS XML
Скачать

© Bentham Science Publishers, 2024