Vol 66, No 2 (2022)

Significance. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a number of social consequences affecting various spheres of life in modern society.

Purpose: to assess changes in mortality from causes caused by social stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in a metropolis (Moscow).

Material and methods. The analysis is based on data from Federal State Statistics Service and the database of deaths in Moscow (medical death certificates issued to medical organizations of the Moscow Department of Health) for 2019–April 2021.

Results. During the COVID-19 pandemic since April 2020, losses from suicides turned out to be lower than in the corresponding months of 2019, however during the period of strict quarantine (April–June 2020), a local maximum of losses was observed.

Mortality attributable to alcohol and drug use (poisoning and mental disorders) was characterized by stabilization or insignificant gain during the period of strict quarantine (April–May) with a sharp splash during the exit from it (June 2020), as well as in the fall and winter of 2021.

Limitations. The results of the study of the social consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic apply only to Moscow and include deaths only from suicide, alcohol poisoning, drug poisoning, as well as mental disorders associated with alcohol and drug use for the period 2020–2021.

Conclusions. A completely logical picture of social stress has formed in Moscow with an acute reaction (suicide) at the first stage of the pandemic and its long-term socio-economic consequences (alcoholism and drug addiction) at subsequent stages, which could not be avoided despite external stabilization life in the capital.

Contribution of the authors:

Semyonova V.G. — research concept and design, collection and processing of material.

Ivanova A.E. — research concept and design, text writing, text writing, editing.

Sabgayda T.P. — research concept and design, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, text writing, editing.

Evdokushkina G.N. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing.

Zaporozhchenko V.G. — statistical processing, editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare the absence of any conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Received: December 28, 2021

Accepted: March 11, 2022

Published: May 04, 2022

Introduction. The regional programs of the subsidized provision of medicines (RPSPM) implemented in the subjects of the Russian Federation are an important state instrument in the field of medicine provision of citizens. 

Purpose. To study the features of the implementation of RPSPM in various subjects of the Russian Federation over 2018–2019.

Material and methods. During the study, the data provided by the health authorities and the pharmaceutical service of 21 constituent entities of the Russian Federation were processed.

Results. The median of funding in the studied subjects of the Russian Federation amounted to 713.1 million rubles in 2018 and 753.1 million rubles in 2019. The average actual costs per one applied beneficiary (± standard error) was 2685 ± 941 rubles in 2018 and 2404 ± 780 rubles in 2019. At the end of 2018, about 22.7 million prescriptions were established to be written out in the analyzed subjects of the Russian Federation within the framework of the RPPPM, at the end of 2019 — about 26.2 million prescriptions. The median cost of one prescription reached 1,327 rubles in 2018 and 2,162 rubles in 2019. Comparative analysis showed that the indicators of the funding volume for the RPSPM per beneficiary per year in different subjects of the Russian Federation differ significantly, the median (interquartile range) in 2018 was 6,704 rubles (3,436–11,576 rubles), in 2019 — 8,166 rubles (4,162–10,211 rubles).

Limitations. Taking into account the administrative-territorial division of the Russian Federation, in the study we analyzed data on the implementation of the RPSPM for about 25% of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with various infrastructural, socio-economic, demographic indicators, which is a fairly reference sample group.

Conclusion. Thus, we studied the indicators of the implementation of the RPSPM in 21 subjects of the Russian Federation. During 2018–2019 in the analyzed subjects of the Russian Federation, regional beneficiaries had different opportunities to receive medicine assistance within the framework of the RPSPM.

Contribution of the authors:

Petrukhina I.K. — research concept and design, editing.

Yagudina R.I. — research concept and design, editing.

Ryazanova T.K. — statistical processing, writing the text, compilation of the list of literature.

Kurkin V.A. — research concept and design.

Egorova A.V. — material collection and processing.

Loginova L.V. — material collection and processing.

Khusainova A.I. — material collection and processing.

Blinkova P.R. — material collection and processing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship. We thank the healthcare and pharmaceutical service management bodies of the 21 analyzed subjects of the Russian Federation for the statistical data provided.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: August 03, 2020

Accepted: November 17, 2020

Published: May 04, 2022

Introduction. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are diagnosed in 48.0–76.6% of industrial workers, accounting for more than 50% of occupational morbidity rate. PNS are characterized by a chronic progressive course, being the main cause of the temporary and permanent disability. However, the issues of disability associated with PNS diseases remain unexplored.

Purpose of the work: to study the level of primary disability of the working-age population of the Republic of Bashkortostan due to PNS diseases.

Material and methods. Among all cases initially recognized as disabled over 2014–2018 disabled people of working age with the main diagnoses of PNS diseases were selected.

Results. The average annual rate of disability due to PNS diseases during 2014–2018 in the Republic of Bashkortostan was established to be of 0.1006 ± 0.028 cases per 10,000 working-age population. The structure is dominated by radiculopathy of the lumbosacral level, polyneuropathy of the upper and lower extremities; men are more likely to get sick, people over 50 years old.

Limitations. The features of the formation of disability at working age in all 107 people recognized as disabled due to PNS diseases for 2014–2018 in the Republic of Bashkortostan were studied.

Conclusions. Intensive indicator of disability due to PNS diseases in working age for 2014–2018 increased by 1.5 times, their proportion increased by 1.5–2.0 times among the disabled due to all and neurological diseases. Disability by 79.7% is formed due to radiculopathy of the lumbosacral level, polyneuropathy of the upper and lower extremities. Among the disabled, men predominate, people over 50 years of age with a tendency to increase the proportion of younger people. Disability among men is 2.2 times higher than in women. Disability due to PNS diseases occurs on average at 48.7 ± 5.7 years and 23.6 ± 3.0 years of experience, which reduces the duration of a healthy life and possible years of work experience. Disability due to PNS diseases at working age has a particularly important social, medical and economic significance and requires special attention to its prevention.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The author declare no conflict of interest.

Received: March 25, 2021

Accepted: April 20, 2021

Published: May 04, 2022

Introduction. The infant mortality (IM) rate is a serious medical, social and demographic problem. This is one of the main indicators of public health, which characterizes not only the quality of the medical and preventive care for women and children, but also the level of socio and economic well-being.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the trend in IM indicators in the Privolzhsky Federal District (PFD) and the Russian Federation (RF) over a twenty-year period (1999–2018) and to determine the relationship with the indicators of gross domestic product (GDP).

Material and methods. The analysis of official statistical data is carried out and the comparison of regional indicators with the national average values and data for a number of countries of the world is carried out. The paper uses statistical and analytical methods. The correlation between IM, total mortality and the gross regional product (GRP) per capita in the Privolzhsky Federal District and GDP per capita in the Russian Federation is carried out.

Results. Over the past 20 years, both in the Privolzhsky Federal District and in the Russian Federation, a decrease in the IM rate value was found to be registered by more than 3 times. There is a strong negative relationship between IM rate and GRP per capita in the Privolzhsky Federal District and IM rate and GDP per capita in the Russian Federation.

Limitations. The analysis of infant mortality in the territory of the Privolzhsky Federal District and in the Russian Federation for a 20 years was carried out using a continuous method according to official statistical reports, which is a sufficient reference sample.

Conclusion. Without reducing the IM rate in all subjects and districts of the Russian Federation, it is impossible to achieve its reduction in the country as a whole. The main tool for achieving this goal is the implementation of the National Project “Health Care”, which provides, among other things, the reduction of IM. At the same time, IM indicator in Russian Federation was already less than the indicator value of 2020 in 2018, and its value in the Privolzhsky Federal District reached the planned level of 2022. Thus, the final indicator of the National Project is not only achievable, but can also be adjusted in the process of its implementation.

Contribution of the authors:

Ananin S.A. — research concept and design, collection and processing of material, writing the text, statistical data processing, editing.

Karpova S.S. — collection and processing of material, writing the text, compilation of the list of literature, statistical data processing, editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Received: January 31, 2021

Accepted: February 16, 2021

Published: May 04, 2022

Introduction. It has been confirmed by a number of foreign and domestic studies, that occupational burnout (OB) is a common phenomenon among medical and pharmaceutical workers. Scientific and practical interest to the study of the causes of OB is due to the specific features of pharmaceutical industry, which associated with the daily communication of pharmacy employees with a large number of visitors who seek for their professional advice.

Material and methods. The Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire, adapted for pharmaceutical workers, was used to assess the level of OB and to identify factors that could contribute to it’s development. The study involved employees of pharmaceutical institutions from the Tomsk (TR) and the Novosibirsk (NR) regions as well as from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) — RS (Ya).

Results. OB signs were fpound to be typical for pharmaceutical specialists in all tested regions, while more than ⅓ of the respondents have a high degree of this syndrome. The highest degree of OB is common among pharmaceutical workers in the TR, where emotional exhaustion by an integral indicator is expressed in 42.5% of respondents. In the RS(Ya) and the NR, the average degree is observed — in 62.5% and 60.5% of respondents, respectively. At the same time, the indicators of personal achievement reduction are expressed to a low degree: most specialists are able to find the right solutions in conflict situations, adequately cope with emotional problems, and understand and feel their colleagues well.

Limitations. When studying occupational burnout among pharmaceutical workers of pharmaceutical institutions in the TR and NR as well as RS (Ya), the total 85 questionnaires were evaluated.

Discussion. The obtained data showed differences in the OB severity among pharmaceutical specialists depending on the region. The main factors contributing to the development of OB include the age and length of service, the level of education, the reason for selecting an occupation and the presence of children. Satisfaction with the chosen occupation depends upon the attitude of management towards employees and the level of salary that allows feeling financial independence.

Conclusion. Thus, pharmaceutical employees are subject to burnout at work. This problem is a theoretical and practical interest with its goal to find opportunities to prevent the development of burnout and reduce its impact.

Contribution of the authors:

Nagornyak Yu.G., Kanakina T.A. — research concept, processing of material, writing the text and compilation of the list of literature, editing.

Fokin V.A. — statistical data processing.

Muzyra Yu.A. — collection of material.

Ratkin A.V. — research concept.

Ruzlyaeva E.A. — editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Received: July 09, 2020

Accepted: October 20, 2020

Published: May 04, 2022

Introduction. The metallurgical enterprises of the city of Lipetsk are city-forming and provide the main anthropotechnogenic burden on the health of the population. The priority of preserving the health of the population determines the importance of studying the determinants of the environment on the health of the population and creates conditions for the organization of scientific research, which are aimed at developing scientifically based recommendations to reduce this process.

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in an industrial centre with a developed metallurgical industry.

Material and methods. We used the data of the regional information fund concerning the state of the human environment and public health, the materials of the consolidated volume of maximum permissible emissions (MAE) of the city of Lipetsk, and statistical data. The comparative non-carcinogenic hazard indices and the assessment of mass non-communicable morbidity thresholds were calculated.

Results. The analysis showed that as a result of the implementation of environmental measures at the city’s enterprises, there was a significant decrease in the level of atmospheric pollution. Positive changes in the habitat state are confirmed by the incidence rate for individual nosological units. A conjugated analysis of the indices of comparative non-carcinogenic hazard and morbidity made it possible to establish a threshold for mass non-infectious morbidity by nosology for the adult population and children.

Discussion. The incidence rate has also dropped significantly. The improved quality of atmospheric air has erased the apparent dependence of the level and structure of morbidity from the impact of metallurgical production alone.

Conclusion. Despite the decrease in emissions from stationary sources due to technological re-equipment, the implementation of environmental measures, and the incidence of many nosologies, many problems remain unsolved.

Contribution of the authors:

Nakhichevanskaya N.V. — collection and processing of material, writing the text, compilation of a list of references, statistical data processing.

Korotkov V.V. — a compilation of a list of references, editing.

Trukhina G.M. — concept and design of the study, editing.

Saveliev S.I. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Received: December 10, 2021

Accepted: December 28, 2021

Published: May 04, 2022

Colostrum (or immune milk) is the first milk that mammals produce after childbirth, and its composition differs markedly from milk obtained later in lactation. Colostrum is a rich source of immunoglobulins and other biologically active components.

The purpose of this literature review is to systematize research on methods of treatment and prevention of human infectious diseases using immunomodulatory and immunoprotective properties of colostrum. The open sources hosted in PubMed, Researchgate and eLibrary databases were studied.

The history of the use of colostrum from hyperimmunized cows as a treatment for human diseases can be traced back to the 1950s. Many studies on the use of colostrum have explored its potential in both the prevention and treatment of various infectious diseases.

The data obtained indicate the high efficiency of the use of cow colostrum and its components both for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Colostrum is capable of producing a heterologous transfer of passive immunity. The immunization protocols used in the production of immune milk can be highly variable. This is especially true for the timing of immunization. Working on immunization protocols that expose animals to specific antigens can result in enhanced humoral immune responses in the mammary gland.

The most relevant is the search for ways to use immune milk as a means to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The literature review provides a description of antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and growth-stimulating factors in bovine colostrum. Examples and descriptions of homologous and heterologous transmission of passive immunity are given.

Contribution of the authors:

Kuzmin S.V., Mayzel S.G., Alyoshkin V.A. — research concept and design.

Skripacheva A.I. — writing the text, compilation of the list of literature.

Rusakov V.N. — research concept, writing the text.

Sinitsyna O.O. — research concept and design, editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Received: January 10, 2022

Accepted: March 11, 2022

Published: May 04, 2022