卷 32, 编号 3 (2025)

机体的元素状况在维持生理稳态中起着关键作用，其紊乱可能促发多种病理状态。肌少症是一种与年龄相关的骨骼肌萎缩性退行性变化，表现为肌肉质量、肌力及功能活动水平的下降，随着人口老龄化的加剧，已成为一项重要的医学和社会问题。老年及高龄人群中宏量元素和微量元素的供给水平，是影响其发生和发展的潜在但尚未被充分研究的因素之一。锌、镁、硒、铁、钙等元素参与肌肉代谢过程的调控，具有抗氧化活性，并支持抗炎机制。上述元素的缺乏可能加速肌肉组织的流失，降低身体功能水平，并增加功能障碍与致残的风险。明确关键微量元素含量与肌少症临床表现之间的关系，有助于实现更为精准的诊断与有针对性的营养干预。该领域研究的现实意义在于推动个体化的预防和治疗策略开发，以延缓肌少症的进展、改善生活质量。因此，探讨老年人元素状况与肌少症之间的关联，已成为当前老年医学、营养学与公共卫生研究的重要方向。

论证。高血压发病问题在高纬度地区尤为严峻，对于劳动人口工作能力的维持具有重要意义。高血压常导致长期暂时性丧失劳动能力，并显著增加致残和死亡的风险。气候变化，首要特征为气温变异性增加，其与心血管系统的健康状况呈负相关关系。

目的。在气候变化条件下，建立适用于西西伯利亚地区(Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug,YNAO 和 Tyumen Oblast) 高血压发病率的预测模型。

材料与方法。对2010—2020年YNAO和Tyumen Oblast每千人口高血压初发病率进行了动态监测。数据来源包括：Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation官方网站发布的劳动年龄人口高血压初发病率年度报告，以及Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring提供的年平均气温数据。时间序列的研究采用了迪基–富勒检验。预测是基于Box–Jenkins方法（ARIMA）进行的。预测计算在“时间序列/预测”子模块中，使用自回归整合滑动平均模型（ARIMA）完成。

结果。所构建的预测模型证实，考虑气候变化因素后，西西伯利亚北极地区居民的高血压初发率在未来5年内存在增长趋势。

结论。为在地区层面遏制高血压发病率上升趋势，有必要制定综合性预防策略，以减弱气候变化对人群健康的不利影响，促进适应性机制的稳定建立，从而保障公众健康水平。

BACKGROUND: Chemical contamination of food raw materials and food products, even at levels below permissible doses and concentrations, may pose a risk to public health.

AIM: The work aimed to assess the non-carcinogenic health risks to the population of the Republic of Tatarstan associated with chemical contamination of food raw materials and food products, taking into account regional exposure factors.

METHODS: The risk assessment was based on the findings of food raw material and food product studies conducted between 2008 and 2022 by the Testing Laboratory Center of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan. The number of samples of food raw materials and food products analyzed by group ranged from 1179 (eggs) to 5862 (meat and meat products). Calculations were performed for the following groups of food raw materials and food products: meat and meat products; fish and fish products; milk and dairy products; bread and bakery products; sugar and confectionery products; vegetables and melons (excluding potatoes); potatoes; fruits and berries; vegetable oils; eggs. Actual food consumption was assessed based on a survey of 471 individuals aged over 18 years. To assess the risk of non-carcinogenic effects of chemical contaminants, hazard quotients and hazard indices were calculated.

RESULTS: Hazard identification revealed priority chemical substances found in food products that were subject to further non-carcinogenic risk assessment: α- and β-hexachlorocyclohexane, basudin, benzo[a]pyrene, heptachlor, deoxynivalenol, DDT and its metabolites, iron, cadmium, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, copper, arsenic, sodium fluoride, sodium chlorite, nitrates, nitrites, 2,4-D acid derivatives, mercury, lead, phosphamide, fluoride, zinc, and cypermethrin. The following critical organs and systems had the highest risk of adverse effects from exposure to chemical contaminants found in food raw materials and food products: the nervous system (hazard index up to 18.89), the hematopoietic system (up to 9.71), the liver (up to 7.71), the kidneys (up to 5.71), and the reproductive and endocrine systems (up to 3.94).

CONCLUSION: Adverse non-carcinogenic effects are primarily associated with contamination of food raw materials and food products with phosphamide (via bread and bakery products, fruits and berries), nitrates (via vegetables and melons, bread and bakery products, potatoes), and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (via dairy products, bread and bakery products, vegetables and melons). The hematopoietic and nervous systems, liver, kidneys, and systems involved in growth and development are the most vulnerable to general toxic effects of chemical contaminants with similar mechanisms of action.

论证。探讨数字压力源与睡眠特征之间的关联，对于在信息过载和高度数字活跃的背景下制定有效的预防策略和支持措施具有重要意义。

目的。研究数字压力源与睡眠特征（包括睡眠质量与时长、安眠药使用情况、入睡时间及入睡所需时间）之间的关系。

材料与方法。数据通过Yandex.Toloka平台以在线问卷形式收集。共有1008名受访者参与本研究，其中男性436人、女性572人，年龄在18至80岁之间（M=38.3；Me=36；SD=11.4）。 问卷包含有关睡眠特征的一系列问题，以及以下量表：网络疑病严重程度量表（Cyberchondria Severity Scale, CSS）、末日滚动量表（Doomscrolling Scale, DS）和卑尔根社交媒体成瘾量表（Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, BSMAS）。

结果。数据分析显示，数字压力源指标（如网络疑病、末日滚动行为和社交媒体成瘾）水平较高与睡眠特征的恶化有关：包括睡眠质量下降、入睡时间延长、安眠药使用更频繁以及总体睡眠时间缩短。最易受影响的群体为年轻人和女性；而男性及数字压力源水平较低者报告的睡眠状况相对较好。

结论。研究结果凸显了制定数字卫生战略的必要性，同时强调了以下方面的重要性：推广数字素养教育、倡导有意识地使用科技、引入心理和医学领域专家的支持，以综合管理数字行为习惯，最大限度地减少其对健康和心理情绪状态的影响。