Vol 31, No 6 (2024)

Cover Page

REVIEWS

The impact of ventilation systems on the risk of viral transmission (review article)

Abramkina D.V., Verma V.

Abstract

Understanding the aerosol transmission mechanism of respiratory infectious diseases is crucial for predicting indoor air circulation and optimizing ventilation system design. A literature search was conducted using various keyword combinations in the PubMed database. The selection included studies examining the impact of indoor microclimate parameters and ventilation system performance on the risk of viral transmission. Since 2020, there has been increasing interest in studying how viral infections spread via aerosols within buildings and transportation infrastructure, considering the operational conditions of engineering systems. Currently, substantial evidence supports the dependence of viral aerosol viability on indoor temperature and humidity levels. Maintaining an optimal relative humidity of 40–60% at standard room temperature is essential not only for aerosol stability but also for virus neutralization. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the effects of air mobility and indoor pollution on the stability of viral pathogens. A significant body of literature confirms the influence of ventilation system efficiency on infection risk in buildings. To reduce the spread of respiratory viruses, an air exchange rate of at least 30 m3/h per person is recommended. Based on the findings, a set of practical recommendations for ventilation system operation amidst increased disease incidence has been developed. Discrepancies between international and Russian regulatory requirements regarding indoor climate parameters and air quality standards have been identified, emphasizing the need for improved measures to mitigate the spread of respiratory infections.

Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2024;31(6):419-428
pages 419-428 views

Persistent organic pollutants in the human body: Russian and Soviet studies

Gumovskaya Y.P., Mironova E.K., Polevshchikov A.V., Donets M.M., Tsygankov V.Y.

Abstract

This review presents data on the prevalence and use of persistent organic pollutants in Russia. It highlights current biomonitoring studies on their accumulation in human organs and tissues. The article also examines findings from Russian and Soviet studies on the effects of xenobiotics on the human body. Research on the acute toxicity of these substances peaked in the 1960s–1970s, while studies on their chronic effects began to emerge in the 1980s–1990s. Currently, such studies are extremely scarce.

Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2024;31(6):429-446
pages 429-446 views

ORIGINAL STUDY ARTICLES

Cellular immune responses in women living in the Arctic region

Morozova O.S., Shchegoleva L.S., Shashkova E.Y., Filippova O.E.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In the northern regions, exposure to harsh climatic and ecological conditions alters immune status, resulting in decreased resistance to microorganisms, development of various types of hypersensitivity, and auto-sensitization. During formation and maturation of the immune system, these changes contribute to growth retardation in children, while in adults, they accelerate aging.

AIM: To assess the distribution of lymphocyte phenotypes and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils in women residing in the Far North.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study analyzed the immune status of 60 conditionally healthy women living in the Far North of the Russian Federation (Pinega, Arkhangelsk Region). The mean age of the participants was 47.76±0.94 years. Blood concentrations of lymphocyte phenotypes (CD3+, CD5+, CD8+, CD10+, CD16+, CD71+, HLA-DR+) were measured using an indirect immunoperoxidase reaction with monoclonal antibodies. Granulocyte phagocytic activity was assessed using latex particles, with phagocytic activity expressed as a percentage and phagocytic intensity determined by the phagocytic index (the number of latex particles engulfed per 100 neutrophils). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard error of the mean) were calculated for each immunological parameter. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The percentage of immune parameter imbalances was determined based on the frequency of high and low concentrations relative to physiological reference ranges. Data analysis was conducted using Statistica 10.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010.

RESULTS: Cellular immunity strain was identified, characterized by reduced activity of T-lymphocytes expressing CD3+ and CD5+ receptors (95.00±1.61% and 96.66±1.63% of women, respectively). This was accompanied by increased cytotoxic CD8+ cells and natural killer CD16+ cells (53.33±1.20% and 48.33±1.14%, respectively). This pattern suggests a reduced reserve capacity of the immune system. A decrease in phagocytic activity was observed in 20.00±0.73% of participants, while an increase in CD10+ cells was noted in 21.66±0.77%.

CONCLUSION: The insufficient activity of T-lymphocytes, coupled with an increase in cytotoxic and natural killer cells, reflects a state of immune system strain. Additionally, reduced phagocytic activity and elevated CD10+ lymphoproliferation contributes to a reduced reserve capacity of immune homeostasis.

Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2024;31(6):447-455
pages 447-455 views

The influence of attitudes and social norms on seeking psychological help among Russian adults

Tkach S., Odinokova V.A., Burdina O.I.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In Russia, the rising prevalence of psychological distress potentially leads to reduced work capacity, a lower quality of life, and an increased risk of suicidal behavior. The utilization of psychological services remains low, necessitating further research to enhance the effectiveness of mental health disorder prevention and suicide prevention strategies.

AIM: To assess the influence of attitudes and social norms on seeking psychological help among Russian adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included residents of Saint Petersburg aged 18 and older and was conducted through a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI). The survey focused on experiences with seeking psychological help and attitudes toward it. The sample, comprising 1,200 participants, was representative of gender and age distribution, in accordance with St. Petersburg demographic data provided by Rosstat. The survey was conducted in July 2023. Factors influencing help-seeking behavior were analyzed using binary logistic regression.

RESULTS: Key factors influencing the decision to seek psychological help were identified. These included gender, age, and social norms, which manifested in the perceived prevalence of psychological help-seeking among acquaintances and expectations of social approval. Additionally, attitudes toward psychological help played a significant role, particularly perceptions that such assistance is only necessary for individuals with mental illnesses or those of high financial status.

CONCLUSION: The findings indicate a need to increase psychological help-seeking rates, considering the specific needs of different social groups, particularly men and older adults. This underscores the importance of destigmatization efforts and informational campaigns aimed at raising awareness about the accessibility and effectiveness of psychological services.

Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2024;31(6):456-467
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Comprehensive assessment of the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the functional status of northern residents during a critical season

Averyanova I.V., Alyoshina O.O., Bezmenova I.N., Vdovenko S.I.

Abstract

AIM: To examine the dynamics of morphophysiological and biochemical indicators, stress levels, and the intake of different classes of fatty acids in the human body, identifying essential fatty acid deficiencies before omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive morphophysiological and biochemical study was conducted, analyzing 35 parameters before and after 1.5 months of omega-3 PUFA supplementation.

RESULTS: At baseline, the men in both the experimental and control groups demonstrated similar profiles across all analyzed parameters. After 1.5 months of omega-3 PUFA supplementation (Stage 2), the experimental group exhibited optimization-driven adjustments in several physiological systems. These changes included improvements in cardiovascular function, which facilitated a more optimal metabolic profile, normalization of carbohydrate-lipid metabolism, a significant reduction in the stress hormone cortisol, and a concurrent decrease in overall systemic inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in the tension matrix of functional reserves. In contrast, the control group, which did not receive docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation, did not experience similar adaptations. Instead, maladaptive responses in carbohydrate metabolism, capillary blood flow, and cardiovascular function were observed, which were likely exacerbated by the critical seasonal transition, as ambient temperatures fluctuated around freezing.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study support the recommendation of omega-3 PUFA supplementation for northern residents as a mitigating factor against the adverse effects of seasonal climatic fluctuations.

Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2024;31(6):468-483
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Association of hyperuricemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus with cognitive functions assessed using the event-related P300 potential in older individuals with controlled arterial hypertension

Krivonogova O.V., Krivonogova E.V., Poskotinova L.V.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The number of individuals with dementia and cognitive impairment is steadily increasing worldwide. Identifying and controlling risk factors for cognitive decline is crucial for preserving cognitive function.

AIM: To assess the association of hyperuricemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with cognitive functions, evaluated using parameters of the auditory event-related P300 potential in elderly individuals with controlled arterial hypertension (AH).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of individuals aged 60–74 years was examined. Four groups were formed: Group I (control), without cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, and with normal uric acid levels (n=42); Group II, with controlled AH (n=87); Group III, with controlled AH and T2DM (n=34); and Group IV, with controlled AH and hyperuricemia (n=17). The parameters of the auditory event-related P300 potential were assessed using an electroencephalograph (Neuron-Spectrum-4/VPM, Russia).

RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in P300 latency and amplitude were found in older individuals with controlled AH compared to the control group. In the group with T2DM and controlled AH, an increase in P300 latency and a decrease in amplitude were observed compared to the control group. In the group with hyperuricemia and controlled AH, a lower P300 amplitude was detected compared to the control group.

CONCLUSION: Older individuals with hyperuricemia and controlled AH exhibited a lower P300 amplitude, indicating reduced attentional resources. Those with controlled AH and T2DM showed increased P300 latency and decreased amplitude, reflecting slower information processing, prolonged decision-making time, and diminished attentional resources.

Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2024;31(6):484-493
pages 484-493 views