Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology)

This article analyzes contemporary Russian and international paradigms of social work and rehabilitation for men with disabilities, including participants of the Special Military Operation. The evolution of theoretical approaches to disability is examined—from the classical medical and social models to modern integrative concepts, including the biopsychosocial approach and the agency- and resource-based approach. Particular attention is paid to the role of masculinity as a socio-psychological factor influencing the adaptation and integration of men with disabilities into public life.

The results of empirical research based on the medico-social approach to disability, as well as on the concepts of self-preservation behavior, family well-being, quality of life, and normalization of life for people with disabilities, are analyzed. The review also considers data reflecting respondents’ views on mechanisms of social rehabilitation, measures of governmental and public support, and manifestations of stigma against men with disabilities. Changes in public attitudes toward disability have been identified; however, the review also reveals a scientific and methodological gap that hinders the development of effective strategies for social, medical, and psychological rehabilitation programs for men with disabilities, particularly for participants of the Special Military Operation, in family, professional, and public spheres of life.

Thus, this scientific review contributes to the development of the sociology of disability by providing a comprehensive analysis of modern approaches and their applicability in the Russian context. The findings provide a basis for recommendations aimed at modernizing social policy, including the development of interdisciplinary rehabilitation programs and the incorporation of gender-specific considerations in work with men with disabilities.

BACKGROUND: The professional activities of service members of the Russian Navy, conducted under extreme conditions, may contribute to reduced functional reserves of the body and the development of occupation-related accelerated diseases.

AIM: The work aimed to present the trends and structure of primary morbidity among Russian Navy service members over a 7-year period (2017–2023).

METHODS: Reports on morbidity in Form 3/MED were analyzed. Data on diseases and injuries sustained by service members participating in the special military operation were excluded. Given recent changes in the nomenclature of nosologies and classification categories, the data in the reports were examined for the period from 2017 to 2023. Nosologies were grouped by disease classes and leading nosologies according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Morbidity rates were calculated per 1,000 service members (‰). Statistical processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007. Arithmetic means and standard errors (M ± m) are presented.

RESULTS: The primary morbidity rates in the Russian Navy were lower than those for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation overall. The average annual rate was 565.47±16.41‰, accounting for approximately 11.0% of the total primary morbidity in the Armed Forces. The leading cause of primary morbidity was respiratory diseases (class X) with an average annual rate of 298.53±11.54‰, representing 52.7% of the structure. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (class XIII; 61.12±3.07‰; 10.8%) ranked second, and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (class XII; 41.60±3.63‰; 7.3%) ranked third. Together, these classes accounted for 70.8% of the morbidity distribution. 30 leading nosologies (groups) were identified, accounting for 65.5% of the morbidity distribution.

CONCLUSION: The calculated indicators may serve as reference values for organizing preventive measures in the Navy. Prevention, early detection of diseases in the leading classes and nosologies, as well as appropriate treatment and rehabilitation, may significantly reduce morbidity among Russian Navy service members.

BACKGROUND: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a significant risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, studies investigating the association between smoking and placental morphology are limited.

AIM: The study aimed to examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and placental weight, as well as the placental-to-birth weight ratio.

METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the data from the Murmansk County Birth Registry. The analysis included singleton births at ≥37 completed weeks of gestation. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to assess the associations between standardized placental weight categories (low, medium, high) and the placental-to-birth weight ratio, and smoking before and during pregnancy, including the number of cigarettes smoked daily.

RESULTS: The mean placental weight was 534.1 grams for male newborns and 523.7 grams for females. Compared with women who never smoked, those who smoked during pregnancy and those who smoked before pregnancy had significantly lower odds of low standardized placental weight. The adjusted relative risk ratio (RRR)=0.75 (95% CI: 0.70–0.81) for smokers, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76–0.97) for those who smoked before pregnancy. The likelihood of a higher standardized placental weight was significantly greater among those who smoked during pregnancy and those who had quit smoking before the first antenatal visit: adjusted RRR=1.35 (95% CI: 1.25–1.45) for smokers and 1.21 (95% CI: 1.09–1.36) for those who quit before pregnancy, compared with non-smokers.

The women who smoked before or during pregnancy were less likely to have a low placental-to-birth weight ratio compared with never-smokers (adjusted RRR=0.76 [95% CI: 0.70–0.83] for smokers; adjusted RRR=0.87 [95% CI: 0.77–0.97] for those who quit), and were more likely to have a high standardized ratio (adjusted RRR=1.52 [95% CI: 1.43–1.63] for smokers; adjusted RRR=1.18 [95% CI: 1.06–1.31] for those who quit). An inverse relationship was identified between the number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy and the likelihood of obtaining higher standardized values for both placental weight and placental-to-birth weight ratio.

CONCLUSION: The study revealed that smoking during pregnancy and quitting prior to the first antenatal visit were associated with higher placental weight and placental-to-birth weight ratio, with a dose-dependent effect observed among smokers. These findings suggest that not only smoking cessation but also reduction in daily cigarette consumption may lower the risk of adverse fetal outcomes, which may serve as a potential motivational tool for promoting primary prevention strategies aimed at reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes among women who smoke.

BACKGROUND: The Far Eastern Federal District has some features, including climate and geographic factors, requiring a special approach to the validation and development of preventive actions to preserve and improve the health of children and adolescents based on regional aspects.

AIM: To study the influence of climate and geographic factors on health of the child population of the Far Eastern Federal District.

METHODS: A retrospective, analytical, observational, correlation (ecological) study was conducted. An integrated assessment of climate differences of the districts included in the macroregion was conducted based on a study of the average annual bioclimatic stress index and the physiologically equivalent temperature. The study describes the values and changes in the analyzed parameters in the constituent entities of the Far Eastern Federal District in 2013–2023. We studied the influence of climate factors on the health of children and adolescents aged 0–14 and 15–17 years, respectively, living in the constituent entities of the Far Eastern Federal District.

RESULTS: The study reveals a similar rank distribution of the bioclimatic stress index and the physiologically equivalent temperature in the constituent entities of the Far Eastern Federal District. The variability of the analyzed parameters was characterized by heterogeneity, annual variability, and specific sustainable changes. The study identified the years with the most and least favorable climate comfort that meet both criteria. We confirmed that the physiologically equivalent temperature is more sensitive for assessing the climatic stress of the Far East. The study identified the relationships between primary incidence in children and adolescents and bioclimatic stress indices and similarities and differences of the relationship between primary incidence in both age groups with the bioclimatic stress index and physiologically equivalent temperature.

CONCLUSION: The findings may be used as a basis for further study of regional risk factors for health problems in children and adolescents and as a rationale for macroregion-specific actions to improve and maintain the health of the younger generation.